Abstract: Provided is a production system, comprising circuitry configured to: associate a plurality of rungs included in a ladder program with one of a plurality of scan groups each having an execution cycle that is specifiable; allocate each of the plurality of scan groups to one of a plurality of processor cores of a controller so that each of the plurality of scan groups is distributed; and execute one or more rungs associated with one or more scan groups allocated to each of the plurality of processor cores in parallel in each of the execution cycles.

Abstract: Power supply units of multiple channels each include an output stage that generates an output voltage across positive/negative outputs OUTP and OUTN, and a voltage detector that generates a voltage detection signal that indicates the output voltage. A feedback signal generating unit of the power supply unit of a master channel that is one of the multiple channels receives voltage detection signals from the power supply units of the remaining multiple channels, i.e., the slave channels, and generates a feedback signal based on the voltage detection signals of all the channels. A feedback controller generates a control signal such that the feedback signal approaches a target value. An output stage of each slave channel operates based on the control signal generated by the master channel.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus includes multiple channels of power supply units coupled in a stack connection. Each power supply unit includes an output stage configured to generate an output voltage across a positive output and a negative output according to a control signal. A current detector of a master channel generates a current detection signal that indicates an output current of the output stage. A feedback controller generates the control signal such that the current detection signal approaches a target value.

Abstract: An exhaust muffler includes first and second pipes which extend through a casing, and which are disposed so that a downstream end of the first pipe faces an upstream end of the second pipe, wherein the downstream end of the first pipe and the upstream end of the second pipe are disposed so as to be spaced from each other in an axial direction, one end part of a support member having a circular cross section that has a smaller diameter than those of the first and the second pipes is fixed to one of a first lid member covering an opening at the downstream end of the first pipe and a second lid member covering an opening at the upstream end of the second pipe, and the other end part of the support member is slidably fitted to the other of the first and the second lid members.

Abstract: A saddle-riding type vehicle is provided in which a water-cooled internal combustion engine, a radiator and a fuel tank are supported on a vehicle body frame. A canister that collects fuel vaporized within the fuel tank is disposed in front of the radiator in a vehicle fore-and-aft direction when viewed from a side. This can enhance the effect in cooling the canister.

Abstract: A saddle riding vehicle includes a unit swing engine swingably supported on a body frame through a link member, and an exhaust device provided with an exhaust pipe and a catalyst device. The link member is disposed on an upper side of a crankcase. Part of the catalyst device is disposed below a cylinder section and is located in a region between an imaginary line that connects a link member coupling section coupling the link member to the body frame and a front end of the crankcase and an imaginary line that connects an exhaust pipe connection section of the unit swing engine connected with an end of the exhaust pipe and the link member coupling section, in side view. An exhaust device coupling section that couples the crankcase and the exhaust device is provided.

Abstract: A fuel supply device for an internal combustion engine includes a plurality of fuel injection valves that are disposed side by side in an engine main body or in an intake system component forming part of an intake system, and a fuel distribution pipe that is connected in common to the fuel injection valves and supported via a support part provided on the intake system component or on the engine main body, wherein the fuel distribution pipe is formed from a pipe material, and a restricting member that is a separate member from the fuel distribution pipe is mounted on the support part at a position adjacent to the fuel distribution pipe so as to abut against the fuel distribution pipe to suppress displacement of the fuel distribution pipe from the support part. Thus, it is possible to suppress displacement of fuel piping while ensuring the mass productivity.

Abstract: A saddle riding vehicle includes a unit swing engine swingably supported on a body frame through a link member, and an exhaust device provided with an exhaust pipe and a catalyst device. The link member is disposed on an upper side of a crankcase. Part of the catalyst device is disposed below a cylinder section and is located in a region between an imaginary line that connects a link member coupling section coupling the link member to the body frame and a front end of the crankcase and an imaginary line that connects an exhaust pipe connection section of the unit swing engine connected with an end of the exhaust pipe and the link member coupling section, in side view. An exhaust device coupling section that couples the crankcase and the exhaust device is provided.

Abstract: An exhaust muffler includes first and second pipes which extend through a casing, and which are disposed so that a downstream end of the first pipe faces an upstream end of the second pipe, wherein the downstream end of the first pipe and the upstream end of the second pipe are disposed so as to be spaced from each other in an axial direction, one end part of a support member having a circular cross section that has a smaller diameter than those of the first and the second pipes is fixed to one of a first lid member covering an opening at the downstream end of the first pipe and a second lid member covering an opening at the upstream end of the second pipe, and the other end part of the support member is slidably fitted to the other of the first and the second lid members.

Abstract: A saddle-type vehicle includes a vehicle body frame, a pillion step supported by the vehicle body frame and on which a foot of a passenger is to be placed, a passenger seat supported by the vehicle body frame and on which the passenger is to be seated, an exhaust pipe configured to guide an exhaust gas discharged from an engine to an outside, an exhaust pipe cover covering the exhaust pipe from a lateral outside thereof, and a guard body extending laterally outward from the vehicle body frame, wherein the guard body is disposed below the pillion step and to protrude laterally from an opening part formed in the exhaust pipe cover.

Abstract: A fuel supply device for an internal combustion engine includes a plurality of fuel injection valves that are disposed side by side in an engine main body or in an intake system component forming part of an intake system, and a fuel distribution pipe that is connected in common to the fuel injection valves and supported via a support part provided on the intake system component or on the engine main body, wherein the fuel distribution pipe is formed from a pipe material, and a restricting member that is a separate member from the fuel distribution pipe is mounted on the support part at a position adjacent to the fuel distribution pipe so as to abut against the fuel distribution pipe to suppress displacement of the fuel distribution pipe from the support part. Thus, it is possible to suppress displacement of fuel piping while ensuring the mass productivity.

Abstract: A saddle-riding type vehicle is provided in which a water-cooled internal combustion engine, a radiator and a fuel tank are supported on a vehicle body frame. A canister that collects fuel vaporized within the fuel tank is disposed in front of the radiator in a vehicle fore-and-aft direction when viewed from a side. This can enhance the effect in cooling the canister.

Abstract: A saddle-type vehicle includes a vehicle body frame, a pillion step supported by the vehicle body frame and on which a foot of a passenger is to be placed, a passenger seat supported by the vehicle body frame and on which the passenger is to be seated, an exhaust pipe configured to guide an exhaust gas discharged from an engine to an outside, an exhaust pipe cover covering the exhaust pipe from a lateral outside thereof, and a guard body extending laterally outward from the vehicle body frame, wherein the guard body is disposed below the pillion step and to protrude laterally from an opening part formed in the exhaust pipe cover.

Abstract: Provided is an antibody or an immunologically reactive fragment thereof which targets exclusively an A? having a specific turn structure of A? (a toxic conformer of A?). Also provided are a medicinal composition comprising, as an active ingredient, an antibody that specifically recognizes a toxic conformer of A?, a kit for assaying a toxic conformer of A?, a diagnostic agent for Alzheimer's disease, etc.

Abstract: A silencer includes conduit with a downstream end portion configured from a tubular member which includes a conduit discharge port extending through a silencer main body and discharges exhaust gas to the outside therethrough. The tubular member includes a resonance communication hole communicating with a resonance chamber and an upstream side communication hole and a downstream side communication hole communicating with a second chamber. A barrier wall serving as a throttle portion for throttling an exhaust path at an intermediate location of the tubular member is provided in the inside of the tubular member and between the upstream side communication hole and the downstream side communication hole.

Abstract: A silencer includes conduit with a downstream end portion configured from a tubular member which includes a conduit discharge port extending through a silencer main body and discharges exhaust gas to the outside therethrough. The tubular member includes a resonance communication hole communicating with a resonance chamber and an upstream side communication hole and a downstream side communication hole communicating with a second chamber. A barrier wall serving as a throttle portion for throttling an exhaust path at an intermediate location of the tubular member is provided in the inside of the tubular member and between the upstream side communication hole and the downstream side communication hole.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus supplies a power supply signal to a device's power supply terminal via a power supply line. An A/D converter receives, via a feedback line, an analog measurement value corresponding to the power supply signal supplied to the device's power supply line, and converts the analog measurement value into a digital measurement value. A digital calculation unit generates a control value by digital calculation such that the digital measurement value from the A/D converter matches a predetermined reference value. A D/A converter digital/analog converts the control value so as to supply the analog power supply signal to the device's power supply terminal via the power supply line. A feedback ratio calculation unit calculates the ratio between the control value and the digital measurement value. The digital calculation unit is configured to change its calculation content based on the ratio calculated by the feedback ratio calculation unit.

Abstract: A first A/D converter converts an analog observed value, which corresponds to a power supply signal supplied to a power supply terminal of a DUT, into a digital observed value. By means of digital calculation processing, a digital signal processing circuit generates a control value that is adjusted such that the digital observed value matches a predetermined reference value. A first D/A converter supplies, via a power supply line to the power supply terminal of the DUT, an analog power supply signal obtained by performing digital/analog conversion of the control value. A load estimating unit applies a test signal containing a predetermined frequency component via the power supply line to a node via which the power supply terminal is to be connected, and generates a control parameter for the digital signal processing circuit according to the test signal and the observed signal.

Abstract: A main reference value setting unit generates a voltage reference value DREF—V which represents a target level of a power supply voltage VDD. A digital calculation unit generates a main control value DOUT by digital calculation such that a digital voltage measurement value DM—V which represents the voltage level of the current power supply voltage VDD matches the voltage reference value DREF—V. A main D/A converter converts the main control value DOUT into an analog power supply signal SPS, and supplies the analog power supply signal SPS thus generated to a power supply terminal of a DUT via a power supply line. An auxiliary current source supplies an auxiliary current ISUB to the power supply terminal of the DUT via a sub-path that differs from the power supply line.

Abstract: A voltage source generates a power supply voltage VOUT stabilized such that it matches the voltage level that corresponds to a reference voltage VREF, and supplies the power supply voltage to a DUT. A current detection circuit generates a detection voltage Vm that corresponds to an output current IOUT that flows through the DUT. In the initial state, the reference voltage VREF generated by a reference voltage generating circuit is set to an initial voltage level that corresponds to an input voltage VIN. After the output current IOUT flows, the reference voltage transits to a first voltage level VL1 obtained by shifting the initial voltage level by a first voltage step that corresponds to the detection voltage Vm. Subsequently, the reference voltage VREF transits to a second voltage level VL2 obtained by shifting the initial voltage level by a second voltage step that corresponds to the detection voltage Vm.