Abstract: A silica particle includes: a quaternary ammonium salt, in which the following expressions are satisfied, 0.90?FBEFORE/FAFTER?1.10, and 5?FSINTERING/FBEFORE?20, in which FBEFORE represents a maximum frequency value of a pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles before washing, which is obtained from a pore distribution curve in a nitrogen gas adsorption method, FAFTER represents a maximum frequency value of the pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles after washing, which is obtained from the pore distribution curve in the nitrogen gas adsorption method, and FSINTERING represents a maximum frequency value of the pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles before washing and after sintering at 600° C., which is obtained from the pore distribution curve in the nitrogen gas adsorption method.

Abstract: A pedal unit 10 in one embodiment includes a case 190, a foot lever 100, and an elastic member 155. The foot lever 100 includes a first portion 100r located inside the case 190 and a second portion 100f located outside the case 190. The foot lever 100 is rotatably arranged with respect to the case 190. A center of rotation is located between the first portion 100r and the second portion 100f. The elastic member 155 is arranged within the case 190 and provides a force against the first portion 100r.

Abstract: A silica particle includes: a quaternary ammonium salt, in which the following expressions are satisfied, 0.90?FBEFORE/FAFTER?1.10, and 5?FSINTERING/FBEFORE?20, in which FBEFORE represents a maximum frequency value of a pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles before washing, which is obtained from a pore distribution curve in a nitrogen gas adsorption method, FAFTER represents a maximum frequency value of the pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles after washing, which is obtained from the pore distribution curve in the nitrogen gas adsorption method, and FSINTERING represents a maximum frequency value of the pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles before washing and after sintering at 600° C., which is obtained from the pore distribution curve in the nitrogen gas adsorption method.

Abstract: Resin particles include resin base particles and silica particles on surfaces of the resin base particles. The silica particles contain a quaternary ammonium salt and have hydrophobized surfaces. A difference (detection temperature A?detection temperature B) between a detection temperature A and a detection temperature B is more than 50° C., where the detection temperature A is a detection temperature from a pyrolysis product of the quaternary ammonium salt determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the resin particles before cleaning, and the detection temperature B is a detection temperature from the pyrolysis product of the quaternary ammonium salt determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the resin particles after cleaning.

Abstract: A pedal device includes a case, a foot lever including a first portion located inside the case and a second portion located outside the case, the foot lever being arranged to be rotatable with respect to the case, a center of rotation of the foot lever being located between the first portion and the second portion, a first sensor detecting a position of the foot lever between a rest position and an end position, and a reaction force member contacting with the foot lever and applying a reaction force while the foot lever rotates from the rest position to the end position, the reaction force member being located corresponding to a portion opposite to the center of rotation of the first portion.

Abstract: A pedal unit according to an embodiment includes a first foot lever, a shaft serving as a center of rotation of the first foot lever, and a bearing paired with the shaft. The shaft or the bearing includes a first member arranged on at least a portion of surfaces in contact with each other, and a second member formed of a material different from the first member and supporting the first member from a side opposite the surfaces. The surfaces are included in an inner area of a width of the first foot lever when the first foot lever is viewed perpendicular to the shaft. The first member and the second member are fixed in a sliding direction of the shaft and the bearing.

Abstract: An electric motor control apparatus that alternately switches modulation mode between an asynchronous PWM control, which controls an electric motor by fixing a PWM frequency, and a synchronous PWM control, which controls the electric motor by making the PWM frequency proportional to a drive frequency of the electric motor, wherein when switching the modulation mode, a compensation value is calculated based on a state quantity, which correlates with a component in a rotating coordinate system of a voltage applied to the electric motor and is obtained immediately before switching, and the voltage immediately after switching is compensated for by the compensation value.

Abstract: Resin particles include resin base particles and silica particles on surfaces of the resin base particles. The silica particles contain a quaternary ammonium salt and have hydrophobized surfaces. A difference (detection temperature A?detection temperature B) between a detection temperature A and a detection temperature B is more than 50° C., where the detection temperature A is a detection temperature from a pyrolysis product of the quaternary ammonium salt determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the resin particles before cleaning, and the detection temperature B is a detection temperature from the pyrolysis product of the quaternary ammonium salt determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the resin particles after cleaning.

Abstract: A signal generation device includes a memory configured to store instructions and a processor communicatively connected to the memory. The processor is configured to execute the instructions to function as a signal generation unit to generate a sound signal based on key operation data associated with a key operation and a decay control unit to control a decay speed of the sound signal based on pedal operation data. The decay control unit is configured to control the decay speed to a first speed in a case where the pedal operation position is in a first range, and the decay control unit is configured to control the decay speed to a second speed in a case where the pedal operation position is in a second range. A first boundary position between the first and the second ranges is determined based on control information obtained by the key operation.

Abstract: An organic substance-attached porous inorganic oxide particle including porous inorganic oxide particle and an organic substance attached to the surface of the porous inorganic oxide particle. The organic substance-attached porous inorganic oxide particle satisfies a formula below (Cf?Ce)/2>1 where Cf represents the amount of carbon (atom %) measured by subjecting the surface of the particle to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after the particle is washed, and Ce represents the amount of carbon (atom %) measured by subjecting the surface of the particle to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after two-minute surface etching of the particle.

Abstract: An electric motor control apparatus that alternately switches modulation mode between an asynchronous PWM control, which controls an electric motor by fixing a PWM frequency, and a synchronous PWM control, which controls the electric motor by making the PWM frequency proportional to a drive frequency of the electric motor, wherein when switching the modulation mode, a compensation value is calculated based on a state quantity, which correlates with a component in a rotating coordinate system of a voltage applied to the electric motor and is obtained immediately before switching, and the voltage immediately after switching is compensated for by the compensation value.

Abstract: Resin particles include resin base particles and silica particles on surfaces of the resin base particles. The silica particles contain a quaternary ammonium salt and have hydrophobized surfaces. A difference (detection temperature A?detection temperature B) between a detection temperature A and a detection temperature B is more than 50° C., where the detection temperature A is a detection temperature from a pyrolysis product of the quaternary ammonium salt determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the resin particles before cleaning, and the detection temperature B is a detection temperature from the pyrolysis product of the quaternary ammonium salt determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the resin particles after cleaning.

Abstract: An electric machine control method includes: calculating a voltage command value based on a torque command value to an electric machine; calculating a modulation rate based on a power-supply voltage and the voltage command value; calculating a compensation gain in accordance with the modulation rate, the compensation gain being used to linearize a relationship between a magnitude of the voltage command value and a magnitude of a fundamental wave component of an output voltage to the electric machine; calculating a compensated voltage command value based on the voltage command value and the compensation gain; controlling the output voltage to the electric machine based on the compensated voltage command value; and limiting the compensation gain to be equal to or less than a predetermined upper limit.

Abstract: A silica particle includes: a quaternary ammonium salt, in which the following expressions are satisfied, 0.90?FBEFORE/FAFTER?1.10, and 5?FSINTERING/FBEFORE?20, in which FBEFORE represents a maximum frequency value of a pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles before washing, which is obtained from a pore distribution curve in a nitrogen gas adsorption method, FAFTER represents a maximum frequency value of the pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles after washing, which is obtained from the pore distribution curve in the nitrogen gas adsorption method, and FSINTERING represents a maximum frequency value of the pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles before washing and after sintering at 600° C., which is obtained from the pore distribution curve in the nitrogen gas adsorption method.

Abstract: An organic substance-attached porous inorganic oxide particle including porous inorganic oxide particle and an organic substance attached to the surface of the porous inorganic oxide particle. The organic substance-attached porous inorganic oxide particle satisfies a formula below (Cf?Ce)/2>1 where Cf represents the amount of carbon (atom %) measured by subjecting the surface of the particle to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after the particle is washed, and Ce represents the amount of carbon (atom %) measured by subjecting the surface of the particle to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after two-minute surface etching of the particle.

Abstract: An electric machine control method includes: calculating a voltage command value based on a torque command value to an electric machine; calculating a modulation rate based on a power-supply voltage and the voltage command value; calculating a compensation gain in accordance with the modulation rate, the compensation gain being used to linearize a relationship between a magnitude of the voltage command value and a magnitude of a fundamental wave component of an output voltage to the electric machine; calculating a compensated voltage command value based on the voltage command value and the compensation gain; controlling the output voltage to the electric machine based on the compensated voltage command value; and limiting the compensation gain to be equal to or less than a predetermined upper limit.

Abstract: A method for forming an electrostatic latent image developing toner including mixing in a stirring tank a resin particle dispersion with at least a colorant particle dispersion prepared by dispersing a colorant and in some cases with a release agent particle dispersion prepared by dispersing a release agent; aggregating in the stirring tank the resin particles with the pigment particles and the release agent particles to form aggregate particles; and then conducting heating in the stirring tank to fuse the aggregate particles, wherein the method further comprises during a fusion step, suppressing with an accumulation suppression unit accumulation of aggregate particles. The accumulation suppression unit is a magnetic field forming unit that forms a magnetic field either continuously or intermittently. The toner has an average sphericity of at least 0.94 but no more than 0.98 and particle characteristics as defined in the specification.

Abstract: An information input-output system comprises a mobile communication terminal, and a host computer that performs communications with the terminal over a radio transmission line and has a database relating to services that can be provided to the user of the terminal. This system also comprises an input-output gateway server that verifies whether the user is a subscriber who can be provided with a variety of services, and an input-output control unit that receives data from the database over an established line and then outputs the data.

Abstract: An electrostatic latent image developing toner has an average sphericity of at least 0.94 but no more than 0.98, the particles for which the accumulated equivalent spherical diameter on a number basis is at least 90% and the sphericity is less than 0.92 account for less than 3% of the entire toner, the proportion of particles having a sphericity of at least 0.90 but less than 0.95 is at least 20% but no more than 40% of the entire toner, and a proportion of particles having a sphericity of at least 0.95 but no more than 1.00 is at least 60% but no more than 80% of the entire toner.

Abstract: An electrostatic latent image developing magenta toner includes at least quinacridone pigment, naphthol pigment, and a release agent. Colorant of the toner satisfies conditions (a) and (b): (a) an average primary particle size D50 of a quinacridone pigment represented by formula (1) and an average primary particle size D50 of a naphthol pigment represented by formula (2) are such that the average primary particle size D50 of the quinacridone pigment is smaller than the average primary particle size D50 of the naphthol pigment; and (b) the average primary particle size D50 of the quinacridone pigment is greater than 20 nm, and the average primary particle size D50 of the naphthol pigment is smaller than 200 nm. Formula (1): Here, each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, CH3, and Cl, R1 and R2 are different from each other, and R3 and R4 are different from each other.