Abstract: A plasma analyzer for trace element analysis has a gas supply system comprising a plurality of gas sources, an electromagnetic valve provided on a line connecting each gas source to a plasma generating space, a buffer tank provided after the electromagnetic valve on the line, and a flow regulating flowmeter provided after the buffer tank on the line. Each electromagnetic valves is controlled for on-off operation and the corresponding buffer tank suppresses the sudden change of the flow rate of the corresponding gas, so that the composition of the gas supplied to the plasma generating space changes gradually in spite of the simple on-off operation of the electromagnetic valves. Thus, the fluctuation and extinction of the plasma attributable to the sudden change of the composition of the gas supplied to the plasma generating space can be effectively prevented.

Abstract: A continuously variable automotive transmission continuously varies the speed ratio between input and output rotational speeds according to an indication of the driver's intention of acceleration or deceleration, an indication of an engine power output, and alternative selection of forward and neutral transmission positions, and also transmits the engine power output to wheels dependent on the operation of a clutch. The operating condition of the clutch is detected and fed back for the control of the transmission in order to perform speed changing operation of the transmission more quickly when the clutch is operated toward a shut-off position upon automobile deceleration than when ordinary speed changing operation is effected by the transmission.

Abstract: A hydraulically operated continuously variable transmission comprises a hydraulic pump and a hydraulic motor having a motor cylinder including an integral tubular member. A distribution disc is coupled to the motor cylinder at one end of the tubular portion and has oil passages communicating with the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor. A hollow fixed shaft is inserted in the tubular member, and a distribution ring is axially movably mounted on the fixed shaft and has an end face slidably held against the distribution disc. A mechanical seal assembly includes an annular rotatable seal member rotatably disposed in the tubular member, and an annular fixed seal member axially movably, but nonrotatably, mounted on the fixed shaft.

Abstract: The transmission ratio of an automotive continuously variable transmission is controlled on the basis of the difference between a target rotational speed of the engine which is preset according to an indication of the driver's intention of acceleration or deceleration and a detected rotational speed of the engine. The gain of the rate of change of the transmission ratio is reduced as the detected rotational speed of the engine becomes higher, and the gain of the rate of change of the transmission ratio is increased as the detected rotational speed of the engine becomes lower. Alternatively, the gain of the rate of change of the transmission ratio is of a relatively small value when the detected rotational speed of the engine is equal to or higher than a preset speed, and the gain of the rate of change of the transmission ratio is of a relatively large value when the detected rotational speed of the engine is lower than said preset speed.

Abstract: A hydraulically operated continuously variable automotive transmission includes a transmission ratio controlling member and a hydraulic actuator operatively coupled to the transmission ratio controlling member for continuously operating the transmission ratio controlling member to increase or reduce the transmission ratio of the continuously variable automotive transmission. A control valve is provided for applying a controlling hydraulic pressure to the hydraulic actuator dependent on the difference between a first control force commensurate with an indication of the automobile driver's intention of acceleration or deceleration and a second force commensurate with the engine rotational speed, in order to change the direction in which the hydraulic actuator is operated.

Abstract: A hydraulically operated continuously variable transmission for an automobile includes a hydraulic pump coupled to an input shaft and having an outlet port, a hydraulic motor coupled to an output shaft, at least one of the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor being of the variable-displacement type, a closed hydraulic circuit interconnecting the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor, and a device for selectively making and breaking the hydraulic circuit respectively by opening and closing the outlet port. The device comprises a valve body for closing the outlet port, a valve holder for driving the valve body to selectively open and close the outlet port, and a spring for normally urging the valve body in a direction to close the outlet port, the valve body and the valve holder being held in engagement with each other for relative displacement in directions to open and close the outlet port.

Abstract: A hydraulically operated continuously variable transmission includes a hydraulic pump coupled to an input shaft, a variable-displacement hydraulic motor coupled to an output shaft, and a closed hydraulic circuit interconnecting the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor and including a passage connecting the inlet and outlet ports of the hydraulic pump. A servomotor makes and breaks the hydraulic circuit respectively by opening and closing the outlet port. A clutch valve continuously varies the cross-sectional area of the passage to change the amount of power transmitted between the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor. A control system independently controls the servomotor and the clutch valve, the control system being arranged to hold the servomotor in a position to open the outlet port when the clutch valve is opened beyond a prescribed degree.

Abstract: A continuously variable transmission for a motor vehicle has a closed hydraulic circuit disposed between a hydraulic pump and a hydraulic motor with the hydraulic motor being of the variable displacement type. The hydraulic pump is driven by the engine and the hydraulic motor is driven by the hydraulic pressure from the hydraulic pump for driving the road wheels. A pair of bypass passages are connected between the two oil passages of the closed hydraulic circuit between the hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor and a clutch valve is disposed in each bypass passage for adjusting the opening of that bypass passage. The opening of the bypass passages corresponding to the amount of operation of the clutch valves when the transmission receives driving forces from the road wheels during deceleration is controlled so as to be greater than the opening of the bypass passages when the transmission is driven by the engine to drive the road wheels.

Abstract: A hydraulic control device for a continuously variable vehicle transmission having a closed hydraulic circuit disposed between a hydraulic pump and a hydraulic motor, with at least one of said hydraulic pump and said hydraulic motor being of the variable displacement type. The hydraulic pump is driven by an engine and the hydraulic motor is connected to the road wheels and is driven by hydraulic pressure from the hydraulic pump. A pair or relief valves are disposed between the two oil passages of the closed hydraulic circuit extending between the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor, each of which are for relieving the pressure from one oil passage to the other oil passage. One relief valve relieves the pressure from the oil passage which has the higher pressure when the continuously variable transmission is driven by driving forces from the engine to drive the road wheels, and has a relief pressure setting controlled so as to increase as the speed of rotation of the engine increases.

Abstract: An actuator has a pilot valve incorporated in a piston thereof which is slidably disposed in a cylinder tube, the piston having first and second piston lands slidably disposed in first and second coaxial cylinder chambers. A spool valve body has first and second spool lands slidably disposed in an inner hole in the piston. When the spool valve body is moved in one direction, a first axial passage in the piston communicates with a pressure sink through a first return port which is opened by the first spool land, and a second axial passage in the piston communicates with a portion of the inner hole in front of the second spool land through a second supply port which is opened by the second spool land.

Abstract: A hydraulically operated automotive transmission on an automobile includes a hydraulic pump coupled to an engine-operated input shaft, a hydraulic motor coupled to a wheel-driving output shaft, a closed hydraulic circuit connected between the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor, and a bypass passage connected between the inlet and outlet ports of the hydraulic pump in bypassing relation to the hydraulic motor. A clutch control system combined with the transmission comprises a clutch valve disposed in the bypass passage for selectively opening and closing the bypass passage, and an automatic control device coupled to the clutch valve for controlling the operation of the clutch valve. The automatic control device opens the clutch valve to a first extent which prevents the automobile from creeping while the engine is idling, and closes the clutch valve to a second extent which prevents the engine from racing when the automobile is started.

Abstract: A control apparatus used for a heat exchanger having a casing through which a first fluid flows and a tube disposed within the casing for a second fluid to flow therethrough, thereby allowing a heat exchange to occur between the first and second fluids, the control apparatus being so arranged as to change the flow rate of the second fluid in accordance with a change in temperature of the first fluid so as to maintain the temperature of the first fluid at a constant level, comprises a valve housing having a valve seat and communicating with an inlet port of the tube, a valve body disposed in the valve housing and movable between a closing position where the valve body is placed on the valve seat to prevent the second fluid from flowing into the tube and an opening position where the valve body is separated from the valve seat to allow the second fluid to flow into the tube.