Abstract: The present invention is a semiconductor apparatus having at least a part of a semiconductor device conjugated to a metal material for heat sink via an electric insulating material, wherein said electric insulating material is a bismuth glass layer.

Abstract: The present invention is a semiconductor apparatus having at least a part of a semiconductor device conjugated to a metal material for heat sink via an electric insulating material, wherein said electric insulating material is a bismuth glass layer.

Abstract: The magnetic recording medium includes an underlayer 12 formed of an inorganic compound layer, and a magnetic layer 13 formed over the underlayer 12. The inorganic compound layer as the underlayer 12 has crystal grains and at least one kind of oxide, the crystal grains having as main elements at least one of cobalt oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide and nickel, the at least one kind of oxide lying as a non-crystalline phase in grain boundaries between the crystal grains and selected from among silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide and zinc oxide.

Abstract: The magnetic recording medium includes an underlayer 12 formed of an inorganic compound layer, and a magnetic layer 13 formed over the underlayer 12. The inorganic compound layer as the underlayer 12 has crystal grains and at least one kind of oxide, the crystal grains having as main elements at least one of cobalt oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide and nickel oxide, the at least one kind of oxide lying as a non-crystalline phase in grain boundaries between the crystal grains and selected from among silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide and zinc oxide.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium includes a non-magnetic substrate, an inorganic compound layer that is formed on the substrate and which contains a crystalline first oxide and an amorphous second oxide, and a magnetic layer that is formed on the inorganic compound layer. The crystalline first oxide comprises at least one oxide selected from cobalt oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide and nickel oxide. The amorphous second oxide comprises at least one oxide selected from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide and zinc oxide. The amorphous second oxide is present at a grain boundary of crystal grains of the first oxide.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium includes a non-magnetic substrate, an inorganic compound layer that is formed on the substrate and which contains a crystalline first oxide and a second oxide, and a magnetic layer that is formed on the inorganic compound layer. The crystalline first oxide comprises at least one oxide selected from cobalt oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide and nickel oxide. The second oxide comprises at least one oxide selected from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide and zinc oxide. The second oxide is present at a grain boundary of crystal grains of said first oxide. According to the present invention, magnetic recording media low in noise and diminished in thermal fluctuation and thermal decay can be obtained by making fine the crystal grains of a magnetic layer and controlling the dispersion of the grain size. Thus, magnetic recording apparatuses can be realized which can perform an ultrahigh density magnetic recording of higher than 20 Gb/in2.

Abstract: The intake pressure and temperature of a Diesel engine equipped with a supercharger are sensed and the sensed intake pressure value is divided by the sensed intake temperature value to obtain an intake density. A value indicative of the intake density is divided by a value indicative of the air-excess ratio computed in accordance with the operating condition of the engine producing a smoke-limit injection amount. The smoke-limit injection amount is compared with the injection amount corresponding to a part-load condition of the engine and the smaller one of the values is applied to a linear solenoid for controlling the fuel injection amount adjusting member in the fuel injection pump of the engine.

Abstract: In a carburetor, a heating device comprises a honeycomb heater element disposed within at least one of fuel and air passages of the carburetor to heat the fuel and/or air passing therethrough, the honeycomb heater element being made of a ceramic composition to have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance and being connected at the opposite ends thereof with an electric power source across an ignition switch of the engine, whereby the liquid fuel and/or air is heated by the heating device when the temperature of the liquid fuel or the air is lower than a critical temperature defined by the ceramic composition of the heater element.

Abstract: A function signal having a desired characteristic curve is generated through the logical operation on a vehicle speed signal indicative of the speed of a vehicle, a ratio signal indicative of the air-to-fuel of the mixture supplied to the engine mounted on the vehicle, and a pressure signal indicative of the pressure in the intake manifold of the engine. The position of an electromagnetic valve for adjusting the amount of fuel supplied to the engine is controlled in response to the function signal, thereby controlling the air-to-fuel of mixtures in accordance with the various driving conditions of the vehicle including the vehicle speed.

Abstract: A desired function signal is provided by a logical circuit which selects one of a signal corresponding to the speed of a vehicle carrying an internal combustion engine, a signal corresponding to the intake pressure, a signal corresponding to the air-to-fuel ratio of the mixture supplied to the engine, and a signal corresponding to the opening of a throttle valve in accordance with the driving conditions of the vehicle. The amount of additional intake air flowing through an additional intake system provided in the engine is controlled in accordance with the desired function signal, thus providing an air-fuel mixture ratio which suits the driving conditions of the vehicle, the running speed of the vehicle in particular.