Abstract: Provided is a working machine with improved durability. A nail driver (working machine) includes a hitting portion that is formed in a rod shape extending about an axis line, an injection portion that abuts on an outer peripheral surface of the hitting portion, thereby guiding a movement of the hitting portion toward one side in the axial direction, and a supply portion that energizes a fastener toward one side in a direction intersecting with the axial direction, thereby supplying the fastener to the injection portion. The hitting portion has a tip part, and a center part provided at a position different from that of the tip part in the axial direction. At least a part of an outer peripheral surface of the tip part (tip part outer peripheral surface) on an anti-feeder side with respect to the axis line protrudes from an outer peripheral surface of the center part (center par outer peripheral surface) on a supply portion side with respect to the axis line.

Abstract: A fluid-heating device for heating fluid includes a heater unit configured to have a heater and a heating portion, the heating portion being formed as to cover surrounding of the heater, wherein the heating portion has an inner heat exchange surface formed on an inner surface of a through hole penetrating through an inner side of the heater and an outer heat exchange surface formed on an outer-wall portion of an outer side of the heater, the inner heat exchange surface being configured to perform heat exchange with the fluid, and the outer heat exchange surface being configured to perform the heat exchange with the fluid.

Abstract: It is possible to produce an optically active fluoroalkyl chloromethyl alcohol with a high optical purity and a good yield by treating a fluoroalkyl chloromethyl ketone with a microorganism having an activity for asymmetrically reducing the ketone or an enzyme having the activity. Then, it is possible to obtain a fluoroalkyl ethylene oxide by treating the alcohol with a base. Industrial implementation of the production method of the present invention is easy.

Abstract: It is possible to produce an optically active fluoroalkyl chloromethyl alcohol with a high optical purity and a good yield by treating a fluoroalkyl chloromethyl ketone with a microorganism having an activity for asymmetrically reducing the ketone or an enzyme having the activity. Then, it is possible to obtain a fluoroalkyl ethylene oxide by treating the alcohol with a base. Industrial implementation of the production method of the present invention is easy.

Abstract: A fluid-heating device for heating fluid includes a heater unit configured to have a heater and a heating portion, the heating portion being formed as to cover surrounding of the heater, wherein the heating portion has an inner heat exchange surface formed on an inner surface of a through hole penetrating through an inner side of the heater and an outer heat exchange surface formed on an outer-wall portion of an outer side of the heater, the inner heat exchange surface being configured to perform heat exchange with the fluid, and the outer heat exchange surface being configured to perform the heat exchange with the fluid.

Abstract: A production method of ?,?-difluoroacetaldehyde according to the present invention includes reaction of an ?,?-difluoroacetic acid ester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst. It is possible to selectively obtain ?,?-difluoroacetaldehyde as a partially reduced product of the hydrogenation reaction by the adoption of specific reaction conditions (in particular, reaction solvent and reaction temperature). This hydrogenation process can be alternative to the industrially unpractical hydride reduction process.

Abstract: A production method of ?,?-difluoroacetaldehyde according to the present invention includes reaction of an ?,?-difluoroacetic acid ester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst. It is possible to selectively obtain ?,?-difluoroacetaldehyde as a partially reduced product of the hydrogenation reaction by the adoption of specific reaction conditions (in particular, reaction solvent and reaction temperature). This hydrogenation process can be alternative to the industrially unpractical hydride reduction process.

Abstract: A production method of ?,?-difluoroacetaldehyde according to the present invention includes reaction of an ?,?-difluoroacetic acid ester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst. It is possible to selectively obtain ?,?-difluoroacetaldehyde as a partially reduced product of the hydrogenation reaction by the adoption of specific reaction conditions (in particular, reaction solvent and reaction temperature). This hydrogenation process can be alternative to the industrially unpractical hydride reduction process.

Abstract: A production method of a 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone hydrate according to the present invention includes: step 1: step 1: obtaining a reaction mixture that contains at least 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-3-pentyn-2-one or an equivalent thereof by reaction of a 3,3,3-trifluoropropynyl metal with a trifluoroacetate; and step 2: forming the 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone hydrate by contact of the reaction mixture obtained in the step 1 with water in the presence of an acid. It is possible to produce 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone by dehydration of the thus-formed hydrate. Thus, the production method according to the present invention is industrially applicable.

Abstract: A production method of a 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone hydrate according to the present invention includes: step 1: step 1: obtaining a reaction mixture that contains at least 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-3-pentyn-2-one or an equivalent thereof by reaction of a 3,3,3-trifluoropropynyl metal with a trifluoroacetate; and step 2: forming the 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone hydrate by contact of the reaction mixture obtained in the step 1 with water in the presence of an acid. It is possible to produce 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone by dehydration of the thus-formed hydrate. Thus, the production method according to the present invention is industrially applicable.

Abstract: A production process of an ?-fluoroaldehyde according to the present invention includes reaction of an ?-fluoroester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a ruthenium complex. It is possible in the present invention to allow relatively easy industrial production of the ?-fluoroaldehyde and to directly obtain, as stable synthetic equivalents of the ?-fluoroaldehyde, not only a hydrate (as obtained by conventional techniques) but also a hemiacetal that is easy to purify and is of high value in synthetic applications. The present invention provides solutions to all problems in the conventional techniques and establishes the significantly useful process for production of the ?-fluoroaldehyde.

Abstract: A production method of ?,?-difluoroacetaldehyde according to the present invention includes reaction of an ?,?-difluoroacetic acid ester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst. It is possible to selectively obtain ?,?-difluoroacetaldehyde as a partially reduced product of the hydrogenation reaction by the adoption of specific reaction conditions (in particular, reaction solvent and reaction temperature). This hydrogenation process can be alternative to the industrially unpractical hydride reduction process.

Abstract: A production process of an ?-fluoroaldehyde according to the present invention includes reaction of an ?-fluoroester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a ruthenium complex. It is possible in the present invention to allow relatively easy industrial production of the ?-fluoroaldehyde and to directly obtain, as stable synthetic equivalents of the ?-fluoroaldehyde, not only a hydrate (as obtained by conventional techniques) but also a hemiacetal that is easy to purify and is of high value in synthetic applications. The present invention provides solutions to all problems in the conventional techniques and establishes the significantly useful process for production of the ?-fluoroaldehyde.

Abstract: A production process of an ?-fluoroaldehyde according to the present invention includes reaction of an ?-fluoroester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a ruthenium complex. It is possible in the present invention to allow relatively easy industrial production of the ?-fluoroaldehyde and to directly obtain, as stable synthetic equivalents of the ?-fluoroaldehyde, not only a hydrate (as obtained by conventional techniques) but also a hemiacetal that is easy to purify and is of high value in synthetic applications. The present invention provides solutions to all problems in the conventional techniques and establishes the significantly useful process for production of the ?-fluoroaldehyde.

Abstract: A production process of an ?-fluoroaldehyde according to the present invention includes reaction of an ?-fluoroester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a ruthenium complex. It is possible in the present invention to allow relatively easy industrial production of the ?-fluoroaldehyde and to directly obtain, as stable synthetic equivalents of the ?-fluoroaldehyde, not only a hydrate (as obtained by conventional techniques) but also a hemiacetal that is easy to purify and is of high value in synthetic applications. The present invention provides solutions to all problems in the conventional techniques and establishes the significantly useful process for production of the ?-fluoroaldehyde.

Abstract: A production method of a ?-fluoroalcohol includes performing a reaction of an ?-fluoroester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a specific ruthenium complex (i.e. a ruthenium complex of the general formula [2], preferably a ruthenium complex of the general formula [4]). This production method can employ a suitable hydrogen pressure of 1 MPa or less by the use of such a specific ruthenium complex and does not require a high-pressure gas production facility when put in industrial practice. In addition, this production method can remarkably reduce the amount of catalyst used therein (to e.g. a substrate/catalyst ratio of 20,000) in comparison to the substrate/catalyst ratio conventional reduction of ?-fluoroalcohol. It is possible by these reduction in hydrogen pressure and catalyst amount to largely reduce the production cost of the ?-fluoroalcohol.

Abstract: A production method of a ?-fluoroalcohol includes performing a reaction of an ?-fluoroester with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a specific ruthenium complex (i.e. a ruthenium complex of the general formula [2], preferably a ruthenium complex of the general formula [4]). This production method can employ a suitable hydrogen pressure of 1 MPa or less by the use of such a specific ruthenium complex and does not require a high-pressure gas production facility when put in industrial practice. In addition, this production method can remarkably reduce the amount of catalyst used therein (to e.g. a substrate/catalyst ratio of 20,000) in comparison to the substrate/catalyst ratio conventional reduction of ?-fluoroalcohol. It is possible by these reduction in hydrogen pressure and catalyst amount to largely reduce the production cost of the ?-fluoroalcohol.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a production process of a 2-fluoroacrylic ester including: a bromination step of converting a 2-fluoropropionic ester to a 2-bromo-2-fluoropropionic ester by reaction of the 2-fluoropropionic ester with a nitrogen-bromine bond-containing brominating agent in the presence of a radical initiator; and a dehydrobromination step of reacting the 2-bromo-2-fluoropropionic ester with a base. It is not necessary in this process to adopt very-low-temperature conditions and to use a stoichiometric amount of expensive reagent. The target 2-fluoroacrylic ester can be thus produced at low cost.

Abstract: Esters and lactones can be respectively reduced to alcohols and diols in the presence of the Group 8 (VIII) transition metal complex, base and hydrogen gas (H2). An extremely practical reduction method can be provided by preferable combinations of the Group 8 (VIII) transition metal complex, the base, a used amount of the base, a pressure of hydrogen gas and a reaction temperature. This method is used in place of hydride reduction and is a useful method by which design of highly active catalysts can be relatively easily made while a high productivity can be expected.

Abstract: An optically active, fluorine-containing carbonyl-ene product is produced by reacting a fluorine-containing ?-ketoester with an alkene in the presence of a transition metal complex having an optically active ligand. There are Mode 1 of conducting this reaction in the absence of reaction solvent, Mode 2 of conducting this reaction in a solvent that is low in relative dielectric constant, and Mode 3 of conducting this reaction in a halogenated hydrocarbon-series solvent. In each of these three modes, it is possible to produce the optically active, fluorine-containing carbonyl-ene product with low cost.