Abstract: An illumination optical system is disclosed which capable of uniformly illuminating a surface to be illuminated. The illumination optical system comprises a polarization conversion element which converts a luminous flux from a light source into a luminous flux having a certain polarization direction, a polarization beam splitter which splits the luminous flux from the polarization conversion element, and a phase plate which gives a phase difference to the luminous flux from the polarization beam splitter. The system illuminates the surface with the luminous flux from the phase plate and satisfies the conditions ?x<?y and 0°<?y<?y. ?x and ?y represent the maximum incident angles onto the surface in the x and y directions, and ?y represents an incident angle onto the phase plate at which the phase difference at a principal wavelength of the luminous flux that passes through the phase plate is 90 degrees.

Abstract: This invention refers to substances able to cause selective muscle relaxation, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and their use in the treatment of muscle tissue diseases, with such compounds complying with the general formula (I).

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a signal processing apparatus includes a speaker configured to output the received input signal on which a delay detection signal which has a frequency component of an inaudible frequency on a received input signal is superposed to an acoustic space, an extracting section configured to extract the delay detection signal from the sending input signal outputted from microphone configured to collect sound in the acoustic space a calculating section configured to calculate a delay time between the received input signal and an acoustic echo component contained in the sending input signal, a delay section configured to delay the received input signal by a time corresponding to the delay time and generate a delayed received input signal, and an echo suppression processing section configured to suppress the acoustic echo component contained in the sending input signal by use of the delayed received input signal.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, An information processing apparatus includes a first signal input unit configure to receive a first signal, a second signal input unit configure to receive a signal, a first control unit configure to acquire system resources, a second control unit configure to select, in accordance with information of the system resources acquired by the first control unit, a processing method for suppressing at least one of echo and noise of the second signal input from the second signal input unit containing the echo due to the first signal input from the first signal input unit, a third control unit configure to generate an output signal by suppressing at least one of the echo and the noise from the second signal by the processing method selected by the second control unit, and a signal output unit configure to output the output signal generated by the third control unit.

Abstract: An optical system for image projection is disclosed which is easy to be manufactured and designed and capable of projecting a bright image with high contrast. The optical system includes an illumination optical system introducing a luminous flux emitted from a light source to an image-forming element through an optical surface having a light-splitting function, and a projection optical system projecting the luminous flux from the image-forming element through the optical surface onto a projection surface. The illumination optical system includes a conversion system which respectively converts the widths of the luminous flux in first and second cross-sections into widths different from those before entering thereinto. Conversion rates in the first and second cross-sections are different from each other.

Abstract: An optical system for image projection is disclosed which is capable of improving contrast while suppressing reduction of light amount. The optical system includes a converging optical system, and a polarization beam splitting surface transmitting an incoming light flux having a first polarization direction from the converging optical system, to introduce it to the image-forming element and causing light having a second polarization direction, of an outgoing light flux from the image-forming element, to proceed to a projection optical system. In a first cross-section parallel to a normal to the polarization beam splitting surface, the converging optical system has a configuration causing an incident angle on the splitting surface of a light ray passing through a barycenter of intensity distribution of the outgoing light flux to be larger than an incident angle thereon of a light ray passing through a barycenter of intensity distribution of the incoming light flux.

Abstract: A color separation optical system is disclosed which is effective in improving black color and black unevenness. Linearly polarized light impinging on a dichroic surface at an incident angle smaller than 45 degrees and then impinging on a polarization beam splitting surface at an incident angle larger than 45 degrees is referred to as first incident-angle light. A wavelength which is longer than a wavelength at the maximum transmittance of the dichroic surface for the first incident-angle light and at which the transmittance of the dichroic surface for the first incident-angle light is 10% is referred to as Wa, and a wavelength range shorter than Wa is referred to as W. The polarization beam splitting surface has a characteristic in which its transmittance for the first incident-angle light in the wavelength range W is 5% or lower.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of manufacturing an electron emission element, having a step of forming a pair of element electrodes on a rear plate, a step of forming a conductive film to connect the element electrodes, and a forming process of forming an electron emitter on a conductive film by applying power to the element electrodes. The method has an impurities elimination process for eliminating impurities adhered to an electron emitter, by giving element electrodes a voltage of polarity opposite to that in ordinary operation in a vacuum atmosphere, through a baking process, after carbon is adhered to an electron emitter by an activation process. The impurities adhered to the electron emitter can be securely eliminated by performing the impurities elimination process, without using an exclusive processor.

Abstract: Provided is a projection lens, including: a plurality of moving lens units that move on an optical axis for zooming; and a plurality of plastic lenses containing plastic, in which when a focal distance of an i-th positive lens from a predetermined plane side of N positive lenses of the plurality of plastic lenses is given by fpi, a focal distance of a j-th negative lens from the predetermined plane side of M negative lenses of the plurality of plastic lenses is given by fnj, and fp and fn are defined by 1 fp = ? i = 1 N ? 1 fpi 1 fn = ? j = 1 M ? 1 fnj (N and M each are a natural number, that is, an integer equal to or larger than 1), ?0.56<fn/fp<?0.05 is satisfied.

Abstract: An illumination optical system is disclosed which capable of uniformly illuminating a surface to be illuminated. The illumination optical system comprises a polarization conversion element which converts a luminous flux from a light source into a luminous flux having a certain polarization direction, a polarization beam splitter which splits the luminous flux from the polarization conversion element, and a phase plate which gives a phase difference to the luminous flux from the polarization beam splitter. The system illuminates the surface with the luminous flux from the phase plate and satisfies the conditions ?x<?y and 0°<?y<?y. ?x and ?y represent the maximum incident angles onto the surface in the x and y directions, and ?y represents an incident angle onto the phase plate at which the phase difference at a principal wavelength of the luminous flux that passes through the phase plate is 90 degrees.

Abstract: A communication apparatus capable of echo cancellation is provided. The apparatus is configured to be provided with an input signal receiving interference. The input signal has a frequency range. The interference includes an echo component and a noise component. The apparatus has a first interference eliminator configured to reduce an echo component included in the input signal so as to produce an intermediate signal. The apparatus has a selector configured to select one of the input signal and the intermediate signal. The apparatus has a second interference eliminator configured to reduce at least one of a noise component and an echo component included in one of the input signal and the intermediate signal selected by the selector.

Abstract: A received power calculating section and a sending power calculating section calculate a received power value Rcv_Power(t) and a sending power value Snd_Power(t) by respectively adding predetermined gain values when the received power calculating section and the sending power calculating section calculate the received power value Rcv_power(t) and the sending power value Snd_Power(t). A received detection value control section and a sending detection value control section control the calculated receiving detection value and the sending detection value and set the received detection value and the sending detection value so as not to become less than a predetermined lower limit value, respectively.

Abstract: The invention discloses a compound having the formula (I) wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, unsubstituted phenyl, and substituted phenyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkene, un-substituted phenol, and substituted phenyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, having digitalis-like properties. The invention further discloses a novel method to synthesize 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl-2-thienylhydrazone (LASSBio-294). LASSBio-294 produces positive inotropic effect on cardiac and skeletal muscle. The invention is useful for the treatment of congestive heart failure and muscle fatigue. It lacks toxic effects seen in digitalis glycosides.

Abstract: Suppose each of the refrigerant tubes 53 of a heat exchanger has a potential A at a surface layer portion 53a of an outer periphery thereof and a potential B at a core 53b of the tube 53 other than the surface layer portion 53a thereof, each of the fins 54 has a potential C, and a fillet 59 formed at the brazed portion between the tube 53 and the fin 54 has a potential D. These potentials then have the relationship of A ?C ?D<B. The potential A of the surface layer portion 53a of the outer periphery of the refrigerant tube 53 is ?850 to ?800 mV, the potential B of the core 53b of the tube 53 is ?710 to ?670 mV, the potential C of the fin 54 is ?850 to ?800 mV, and the potential D of the fillet 59 is ?850 to ?800 mV.

Abstract: Provided is a projection lens, including: a plurality of moving lens units that move on an optical axis for zooming; and a plurality of plastic lenses containing plastic, in which when a focal distance of an i-th positive lens from a predetermined plane side of N positive lenses of the plurality of plastic lenses is given by fpi, a focal distance of a j-th negative lens from the predetermined plane side of M negative lenses of the plurality of plastic lenses is given by fnj, and fp and fn are defined by 1 fp = ? i = 1 N ? 1 fpi 1 fn = ? j = 1 M ? 1 fnj (N and M each are a natural number, that is, an integer equal to or larger than 1), ?0.56<fn/fp<?0.05 is satisfied.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes a light source for supplying illumination light, a reflection type display device which reflects the illumination light and modulates the illumination light into image light, and an illumination optical system for guiding the illumination light to the reflection type display device. The illumination optical system includes a first optical member for directing the illumination light toward the reflection type display device, and a second optical member. The second optical member includes a part generating a secondary light source with the illumination light emitted from the light source, in which the light from the part emerges toward the first optical member, and a reflecting surface which guides illumination light which is not incident directly on the part to the part. In addition, a projection optical system guides the image light to an observer.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes a light source for emitting illumination light, an image display element for displaying an image by reflecting incident light, an illumination optical element which reflects the illumination light from the light source toward the image display element and through which image light from the image display element is transmitted, an observation optical element for guiding the image light transmitted through the illumination optical element to an eye of an observer, and a light-shielding member for blocking at least one of unnecessary light which is contained in the illumination light from the light source and travels outside an effective image display area of the image display element and unnecessary light which is contained in the image light from the image display element and travels outside an effective observation space.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes a light source for supplying illumination light, a reflection type display element for modulating the illumination light into image light by reflecting the light, an illumination optical system for guiding the illumination light to the reflection type display element, and a projection optical system for guiding the image light to an observer. The image light is incident on the projection optical system via at least a portion of the illumination optical system. The illumination optical system has a part, in an area where both the illumination light and the image light pass, which changes an optical action depending on a state of incident light. The part acts to deflect the illumination light to decrease an incident angle with respect to the reflection type display element as compared with a case where the part does not exist.