Abstract: In a polarization beam splitter film formed on a transparent substrate, in a desired range of incidence angles and in a desired range of wavelengths, the reflection-induced phase shift of s-polarized light varies linearly with respect to the variation of the incidence angle thereof.

Abstract: On a waveguide 34 formed on a substrate 33, a plurality of comblike shaped electrodes 37, 38 that generate surface acoustic waves 37a, 38a from different directions are provided. And a periodic refractive indices portion 40 is formed, where the refractive indices are periodically distributed in accordance with the wavelengths of the surface acoustic waves 37a, 38a generated by applying a voltage to the comblike shaped electrodes 37, 38. And by changing a frequency of the applying voltage for sequentially changing the wavelengths of the surface acoustic waves 37a, 38a, the exiting direction of the light exiting from the periodic refractive indices portion 40 is scanned. This makes it possible to provide an optical functional device and an optical scanning apparatus that perform light scanning less costly but at a high speed, and that can secure a wide scanning angle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polarizing beam splitter comprised of a film made of a high-refractivity material and a film made of a low-refractivity material alternately stacked on a substrate. When an incidence angle with respect to a film surface in a particular wavelength is set to be ? (°), conditional expressions: 0.99?Rs(45)/Rs(?)?1.04, 0.96?Tp(45)/Tp(?)?1.05 {Rs(?): reflectivity of polarized light s at an incidence angle of ?, Tp(?): transmissivity of polarized light p at an incidence angle of ?, Rs(45): reflectivity of polarized light s at the incidence angle of 45°, Tp(45): transmissivity of polarized light p at the incidence angle of 45°} are satisfied in an entire range of 40???50 (°). According to the configuration, the transmissivity of the polarized light p can be prevented from decreasing while maintaining the reflectivity of the polarized light s at nearly 100% with respect to even a broad angle region, where a divergence angle of an incident light is ±5° or above.

Abstract: Two-dimensional photonic crystal surface-emitting laser comprising a two-dimensional photonic crystal, having media different in refractive index arrayed in a two-dimensional cycle, disposed in the vicinity of an active layer that emits light by the injection of carriers, wherein the two-dimensional photonic crystal consists of square lattices having equal lattice constants in perpendicular directions, and a basic lattice consisting of a square with one medium as a vertex has an asymmetric refractive index distribution with respect to either one of the two diagonals of the basic lattice to thereby emit light in a constant polarizing direction.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element has a diffraction grating formed by periodic depressions and projections on the surface of a substrate and a dielectric multilayer film on the diffraction grating. The materials of the respective layers of the film are chosen such that the depth of the depressions is an integral multiple of the sum of the thickness of the layers in one period of the film. As a result, individual layers of the film are continuous across multiple depressions and projections, to provide improved first-order reflectance.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an optical switch for changing over a running direction of a light passing through an optical waveguide between a first direction and a second direction by moving a switching member disposed on an optical path of an optical waveguide. The switching member has a plurality of switching positions for selectively guiding each of lights of at least two different wavelengths into the first direction or second direction.

Abstract: An optical scanner having a simple structure in which the light quantities of a plurality of light beams are not varied by differences in polarization direction among the light beams. The optical scanner scans a surface by means of a plurality of light beams in which the polarization direction of at least one of the light beams is different from the polarization directions of the other light beams. An optical element having a surface with a reflectance for s-polarized light and a reflectance for p-polarized light that are substantially the same at a given incident angle is provided in the optical paths of the light beams.

Abstract: An optical waveguide is produced by forming on a substrate a waveguide layer and/or a clad layer containing, as their main ingredient, polyimide with a fluorine substitution rate of 30% or higher (thus as a fluorinated polyimide layer), with a primer layer laid in between that contains, as its main ingredient, polyimide with a fluorine substitution rate of 10% or lower (including 0%). This improves adherence of the fluorinated polyimide layer to the substrate and prevents the fluorinated polyimide layer from peeling off the substrate. For more effective prevention of such peeling-off and of warping of the substrate, the primer layer is preferably formed to have a thickness of 0.1 to 20 &mgr;m. The primer layer may contain a coupling agent.

Abstract: Disclosed herewith is an optical switch provided on an optical path of an optical waveguide and which switches an advancing direction of a light passed through the optical path. The optical switch includes a movable switching member which switches the advancing direction of the light, and a driving member which electrostatically drives said switching member to move in an arbitrary position so that the light passed through the optical path is guided to different directions.

Abstract: A liquid crystal reflective display comprising cholesteric liquid crystal capable of selectively reflecting spectral rays of a specific wavelength in a visible range; and a carrier carrying said cholesteric liquid crystal, wherein at least one of said cholesteric liquid crystal and said carrier contains a coloring agent absorbing spectral rays in a wavelength range different from the selective reflection wavelength of said cholesteric liquid crystal.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a liquid crystal display which has a pair of plates each provided with an electrode and a liquid crystal layer retained between the plates, and a driver which is connected to said liquid crystal display for applying a voltage pulse to the electrodes. The driver applies a first voltage pulse for changing the state of the liquid crystal layer, and further, after elapsing of a predetermined time, applies a second voltage pulse for setting the liquid crystal layer to a stable state.

Abstract: A near field light emitting element has a first film made of e.g. Al, an intermediate film made of e.g. SiN and a second film made of e.g. Al on an emergent surface of a solid immersion lens made of a high-refractive material. A first hole is made in the first film, and a second hole is made in the second film. The second hole is smaller in area than the first hole.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an optical switch for changing over a running direction of a light passing through an optical waveguide between a first direction and a second direction by moving a switching member disposed on an optical path of an optical waveguide. The switching member has a plurality of switching positions for selectively guiding each of lights of at least two different wavelengths into the first direction or second direction.

Abstract: An optical module has a substrate, a waveguide, formed on the substrate, for guiding light, and a photonic crystal portion that has media having different refractive indices arranged in a periodic pattern and that is disposed in a channel of the waveguide on the substrate. Here, the photonic crystal and the substrate are integrally formed. The formation comprises the steps of forming an aluminum film on the top of a conductive substrate, forming a protective film on the aluminum film, removing the protective film from a predetermined area to form a window over the predetermined area, anodizing the aluminum film exposed through the window to form photonic crystals, removing the protective film, cladding the bottom of the substrate and forming a core layer over the cladded bottom.

Abstract: An optical device including a diffraction grating of high reflectivity with respect to wavelengths of light to be extracted provides a diffraction grating and an optical element with a large range of varying wavelengths of light to be extracted. An ultraviolet light having a pattern of a prescribed pitch is projected to a precursor of a polyimide. The precursor is polymerized after the ultraviolet light is projected to obtain a diffraction grating made of polyimide. The diffraction grating has a high reflectivity on an intended light wavelength.

Abstract: A liquid crystal reflective display comprising cholesteric liquid crystal capable of selectively reflecting spectral rays of a specific wavelength in a visible range; and a carrier carrying said cholesteric liquid crystal, wherein at least one of said cholesteric liquid crystal and said carrier contains a coloring agent absorbing spectral rays in a wavelength range different from the selective reflection wavelength of said cholesteric liquid crystal.

Abstract: A polarization conversion optical system converts light having a nonuniform plane of polarization into light having a uniform plane of polarization. The system includes a multilayer dielectric film at the side upon which the target light is incident. The film exhibits the property that it reflects one polarized component of the light and transmits a second polarized component of the light at a first angle of incidence, but transmits the first component at a second angle of incidence. Incident target light that is transmitted through the film at the first angle of incidence passes through a quarter-wavelength plate and is reflected at the second angle, whereupon it is retransmitted through the quarter-wavelength plate to be converted from one plane of polarization to the other. It is then emitted from the dielectric film in the same plane of polarization as light reflected by the film.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element has a diffraction grating formed by periodic depressions and projections on the surface of a substrate and a dielectric multilayer film on the diffraction grating. The materials of the respective layers of the film are chosen such that the depth of the depressions is an integral multiple of the sum of the thickness of the layers in one period of the film. As a result, individual layers of the film are continuous across multiple depressions and projections, to provide improved first-order reflectance.

Abstract: An optical waveguide is produced by forming on a substrate a waveguide layer and/or a clad layer containing, as their main ingredient, polyimide with a fluorine substitution rate of 30% or higher (thus as a fluorinated polyimide layer), with a primer layer laid in between that contains, as its main ingredient, polyimide with a fluorine substitution rate of 10% or lower (including 0%). This improves adherence of the fluorinated polyimide layer to the substrate and prevents the fluorinated polyimide layer from peeling off the substrate. For more effective prevention of such peeling-off and of warping of the substrate, the primer layer is preferably formed to have a thickness of 0.1 to 20 &mgr;m. The primer layer may contain a coupling agent.

Abstract: An optical scanner having a simple structure in which the light quantities of a plurality of light beams are not varied by differences in polarization direction among the light beams. The optical scanner scans a surface by means of a plurality of light beams in which the polarization direction of at least one of the light beams is different from the polarization directions of the other light beams. An optical element having a surface with a reflectance for s-polarized light and a reflectance for p-polarized light that are substantially the same at a given incident angle is provided in the optical paths of the light beams.