Abstract: A transfer device includes an intermediate transfer belt that has an outer peripheral surface to which a toner image is to be transferred, a primary transfer device that has a primary transfer member performing primary transfer of a toner image formed on a surface of an image holder to the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt, and a secondary transfer device that has a secondary transfer belt arranged in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt and performing secondary transfer of the toner image transferred to the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt to a surface of a recording medium, in which the intermediate transfer belt has an indentation modulus A of 5,000 MPa or more, and the secondary transfer belt has an indentation modulus B of 300 MPa or less and a tensile modulus C of 250 MPa or more.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam, and the elastic layer has a hysteresis loss of 44% or less.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam and has a volume resistance value of 105? or less at an applied voltage of 10 V. The elastic foam has a conductive particle content of 1% by mass or less based on the total mass of the elastic foam.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam and has a volume resistance value of 105? or less at an applied voltage of 10 V. The elastic foam has a conductive particle content of 1% by mass or less based on the total mass of the elastic foam.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and an outer layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and has a Young?s modulus of 150 kPa or less.

Abstract: A conductive roll includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer, and an intermediate layer disposed between the elastic layer and the surface layer, the intermediate layer having a Poisson ratio of 0.40 or less.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, an intermediate layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the intermediate layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam. The Young's modulus Yd of the elastic layer and the Young's modulus Ym of the intermediate layer satisfy the relationship Yd<Ym.

Abstract: A conductive roll includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a top layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. In a case where a pushing amount of a metal roll into the conductive roll is 1.7%, the metal roll having an outer diameter identical to an outer diameter of the conductive roll, a shrinkage rate of a surface of the conductive roll with respect to the outer diameter of the conductive roll is equal to or more than 5%.

Abstract: A fixing member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer has transverse microhardness values within the range of 85 to 89, inclusive, and a transverse filtered maximum waviness (Wcm) of 0.1 ?m or more and 4 ?m or less.

Abstract: A fixing member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer has transverse microhardness values within the range of 85 to 89, inclusive, and a transverse filtered maximum waviness (Wcm) of 0.1 ?m or more and 4 ?m or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive substrate and a surface layer disposed on the conductive substrate. The surface layer includes an inorganic conductant agent including a metal and an organic conductant agent that includes a coordinating atom capable of coordinating to the metal and that has a molecular weight of 400 or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive substrate and a surface layer disposed on the conductive substrate. The surface layer includes an inorganic conductant agent including a metal and an organic conductant agent that includes a coordinating atom capable of coordinating to the metal and that has a molecular weight of 400 or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support and an outermost layer disposed on the conductive support. The outermost layer includes porous silica and an N-alkoxymethylated polyamide and has a gel fraction of 50% or more and a surface roughness Rz of 2 ?m or more and 20 ?m or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support and an outermost layer disposed on the conductive support. The outermost layer includes porous silica and an N-alkoxymethylated polyamide and has a gel fraction of 50% or more and a surface roughness Rz of 2 ?m or more and 20 ?m or less.

Abstract: An elastic member includes a support and an elastic layer on the support. The elastic layer contains a rubber material and a softener having a number average molecular weight Mn of about 600 to about 1,000 and a ratio (Mw/Mn) of weight average molecular weight Mw to number average molecular weight Mn of about 2.5 or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support and a surface layer provided on the conductive support, wherein electron emitting energy on a surface of the charging member is equal to or less than 10 cps0.5/eV.

Abstract: A charging roller includes a conductive base material, a conductive adhesive layer that has a gel fraction equal to or greater than 50% on an outer circumferential surface of the base material, and a conductive elastic layer on the adhesive layer.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive base material and a conductive outermost layer provided on the conductive base material, wherein the conductive outermost layer has a ten-point average surface roughness Rz of 2 ?m to 20 ?m and contains a resin and particles in which particles having a particle diameter of 5.0 ?m or more and a circularity of 0.8 or less are 30% by number or less with respect to the total number of particles having a particle diameter of 5.0 ?m or more and particles having a particle diameter of less than 5.0 ?m and a circularity of 0.8 or less are from 20% by number to 80% by number with respect to the total number of particles having a particle diameter of less than 5.0 ?m.

Abstract: A charging roller includes a conductive base material, a conductive adhesive layer that has a gel fraction equal to or greater than 50% on an outer circumferential surface of the base material, and a conductive elastic layer on the adhesive layer.

Abstract: A charging roll includes a cylindrical base member that has a metal-containing surface, a conductive adhesive layer that includes a halogen atom-containing resin and has surface roughness Rz in a range of 0.5 ?m to 8 ?m on an outer peripheral surface side on the base member, and a conductive elastic layer that is disposed to be brought into contact with the outer peripheral surface of the conductive adhesive layer and includes a halogen atom-containing rubber.