Abstract: A charging roll includes a cylindrical base member that has a metal-containing surface, a conductive adhesive layer that includes a halogen atom-containing resin and has surface roughness Rz in a range of 0.5 ?m to 8 ?m on an outer peripheral surface side on the base member, and a conductive elastic layer that is disposed to be brought into contact with the outer peripheral surface of the conductive adhesive layer and includes a halogen atom-containing rubber.

Abstract: A charging member includes a substrate and an outermost layer that is on the substrate, is in contact with a member to be charged, and contains a cross-linking fluorocarbon siloxane rubber composition, wherein the charging member charges the member to be charged by being brought into contact with the member to be charged while a voltage is applied.

Abstract: A charging member includes at least a substrate and a conductive outermost layer that is disposed on the substrate, that comes in contact with a charging object, and that includes (A) a resin and (B) aggregates of a plurality of acicular particles protruding in a radial pattern from a center to an outside. The charging member charges the charging object by coming in contact with the charging object in a state where a voltage is applied to the charging member.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a charging roll includes forming an adhesive layer, which has elasticity such that the adhesive layer is compressed up to 50% of the thickness and recovers up to 90% of the thickness after the compression is released, on an outer peripheral surface of a cylindrical base material and extruding a material of a conductive elastic layer along with the base material having the adhesive layer formed thereon by the use of an extrusion molding machine to form the conductive elastic layer on an outer peripheral surface of the adhesive layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a charging member that includes at least: a base material; and a conductive outermost layer that is disposed on the base material, comes into contact with a body to be charged, has a ten-point average surface roughness Rz of about 2 ?m to about 20 ?m, and contains (A) a resin and (B) specific conductive particles for forming the surface roughness, the charging member coming into contact with the body to be charged, in a state where a voltage is applied, to charge the body to be charged.

Abstract: A charging member includes at least a substrate and a conductive outermost layer that is disposed on the substrate, that comes in contact with a charging object, and that includes (A) a resin and (B) aggregates of a plurality of acicular particles protruding in a radial pattern from a center to an outside. The charging member charges the charging object by coming in contact with the charging object in a state where a voltage is applied to the charging member.

Abstract: A charging member includes a substrate and an outermost layer that is on the substrate, is in contact with a member to be charged, and contains a cross-linking fluorocarbon siloxane rubber composition, wherein the charging member charges the member to be charged by being brought into contact with the member to be charged while a voltage is applied.

Abstract: An electrostatic charging member includes a base material; and an outermost layer that contains a porous filler and a resin and has a gel fraction of at least about 50% and a surface roughness Rz in a range of about 2 ?m to about 20 ?m.

Abstract: A charging member cleaning unit, that contacts a charging member that charges the surface of an image holding member provided in an image forming apparatus, and is used for cleaning the surface of that charging member, has an elastic layer, and has an amine content within the elastic layer of not more than approximately 60 ppm.

Abstract: The present invention provides a charging member that includes at least: a base material; and a conductive outermost layer that is disposed on the base material, comes into contact with a body to be charged, has a ten-point average surface roughness Rz of about 2 ?m to about 20 ?m, and contains (A) a resin and (B) specific conductive particles for forming the surface roughness, the charging member coming into contact with the body to be charged, in a state where a voltage is applied, to charge the body to be charged.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member cleaning roller including: a core body; and an elastic layer that is provided on a peripheral surface of the core body and includes a polyurethane foam obtained from at least a polyester polyol, a foam stabilizer, and a catalyst. Moreover, there is provided a charging member cleaning roller including: a core body; and an elastic layer that is provided on a peripheral surface of the core body and includes a urethane foam having an open-cell structure, a resilience of approximately 15% to 30%, and a hardness of approximately 150N to 230N.

Abstract: An electrostatic charging member includes a base material; and an outermost layer that contains a porous filler and a resin and has a gel fraction of at least about 50% and a surface roughness Rz in a range of about 2 ?m to about 20 ?m.

Abstract: A flame-retardant epoxy resin composition, as well as an electronic device, a laminated circuit board, a multilayered circuit board and a printed circuit board employing the flame-retardant epoxy resin composition are disclosed. The flame-retardant epoxy resin composition contains: an epoxy resin; an epoxy resin curing agent; and flame-retardant particles containing a metal hydrate. The flame-retardant particles are provided with a coating layer on the surfaces thereof and have a volume average particle diameter in a range from 1 to 500 nm.

Abstract: A charging member cleaning unit, that contacts a charging member that charges the surface of an image holding member provided in an image forming apparatus, and is used for cleaning the surface of that charging member, has an elastic layer, and has an amine content within the elastic layer of not more than approximately 60 ppm.

Abstract: A sheath composition and a cable using the sheath composition are disclosed. The sheath composition contains a polyolefine resin and flame-retardant particles containing a metal hydrate. The flame-retardant particles are provided with a coating layer on the surfaces thereof and have a volume average particle diameter in a range from 1 to 500 nm.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member that gives an electric charge to an object to be charged by contacting the object, and a cleaning member that cleans the charging member by contacting the charging member. The cleaning member includes a base formed of a polymer material having a foamed structure and a covering film. The covering film is formed of a mixture of a resin having a crosslinked structure and electroconductive particles and covers, near a surface of the base, a structural wall of the formed structure.

Abstract: A fixing device comprises: a fixing belt that has a surface release layer of a fluorinated-resin tube, the fixing belt being laid across by a fixing roller and a tension roller; a pressurizing member that presses the fixing roller through the fixing belt; and a release member that presses the fixing belt on the pressurizing member, in a substantial vicinity of a downstream of a pressure contact site of between the fixing roller and the pressurizing member, and strips a recording material from the fixing belt, the fixing device fixing a toner image on the recording material by heat.

Abstract: The invention provides a photopolymerizable composition comprising: flame-retardant particles which contains a hydrated metal and have an average diameter of about 1 to 500 nm; and a photopolymerization reactive material. The hydrated metal preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydrated magnesium, hydrated calcium, hydrated aluminum, hydrated zinc, hydrated barium, hydrated copper and hydrated nickel. A cover layer which comprises an organic compound or a polysilicone is preferably formed on surfaces of the flame-retardant particles. The invention provides a flame-retardant resin-formed article which is formed of the photopolymerized photopolymerizable composition. A flame retardancy of the article measured in accordance with the UL-94 test preferably scores HB or higher.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member cleaning roller including: a core body; and an elastic layer that is provided on a peripheral surface of the core body and includes a polyurethane foam obtained from at least a polyester polyol, a foam stabilizer, and a catalyst. Moreover, there is provided a charging member cleaning roller including: a core body; and an elastic layer that is provided on a peripheral surface of the core body and includes a urethane foam having an open-cell structure, a resilience of approximately 15% to 30%, and a hardness of approximately 150N to 230N.

Abstract: A flame-retardant resin composition, wherein at least flame-retardant particles comprising a metal hydrate and having a volume-average particle diameter in the range of approximately 1 to 500 nm, and an auxiliary flame retardant are compounded into a matrix resin, and a flame-retardant resin molded item.