Abstract: By altering a developing bias, a plurality of patch images are formed on a photoconductor, and a density of each patch image is measured, thereby judging whether or not a target density value is within a range of the plurality of measured density values. If the target density value is outside the range, a developing bias which realizes the target density is obtained by an interpolation, in accordance with two measured density values that are closest to the target density value among a plurality of measured densities, and with a developing bias of two patch images that are related to these two measured density values.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member for bearing an image, the image bearing member being rotatable at a first speed and a second speed which is different from the first speed, wherein during image formation on the image bearing member, the first speed is selected, and after completion of image formation on the image bearing member, a speed of rotation of the image bearing member is switchable from the first speed to the second speed; a discharger for electrically discharging the image bearing member at a discharging position, the discharger discharging the image bearing member at least one turn after the trailing edge of the image on the image bearing member passes through the discharging position and before the speed of the image bearing member is switched from the first speed to the second speed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes image bearing member or members for bearing an image; charging member for sequentially charging a surface of the image bearing member or members to form an image thereon; a voltage source for applying an oscillating voltage to the charging member, the oscillating voltage including a first frequency and a second frequency which is different from the first frequency during charging by the charging member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including image forming unit for forming an unfixed image on a recording medium, a pair of fixing rotary members for fixing the unfixed image on the recording medium, a cleaning member for cleaning surfaces of the fixing rotary members, the fixing rotary members and the cleaning member being an integral unit separable from the apparatus, detection unit for detecting remaining quantity of the cleaning member, and a unit for requesting the exchange of the integral unit of the fixing rotary member pair and the cleaning member in response to the output of the detection unit.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes a toner carrying member, disposed opposite an image bearing member for bearing an electrostatic image, for carrying toner to the image bearing member; an electric field forming device for forming an alternating electric field between the image bearing member and the toner carrying member, wherein the alternating electric field includes a first phase in which a constant electric field for urging the toner from said image bearing member toward said toner carrying member continues for a predetermined period, a second phase in which a constant electric field for urging the toner from said toner carrying member toward said image bearing member continues for a predetermined period, and a third phase in which the electric field gradually changes from that in the first phase to that in the second phase within a predetermined period .DELTA.T, and a controller for changing a ratio (.DELTA.T/T), where T is one period of the alternating electric field.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member for bearing an image of toner and a charging member contactable to the image bearing member to charge the image bearing member. The charging member is adapted to receive a voltage and the toner has a melt index of not less than 0.5 g/10 min. In the apparatus,P/(V.times.L).ltoreq.50J/m.sup.2where v is a movement speed of the image bearing member when the image bearing member is charged by the charging member (m/sec), L is an effective charging length of the charging member, measured in a direction perpendicular to the movement direction of the image bearing member (m), and P is an amount of electric power consumed by the charging member (W).

Abstract: The present invention provides an image forming apparatus with an image bearing member for bearing an image, and a transfer material bearing member rotatable for bearing a transfer material. The image on the image bearing member is transferred onto the transfer material born by the transfer material bearing member at a transfer position, and a voltage is applied to the transfer material bearing member during the transferring of the transfer material. When a distance between the transfer position and a separation position where the transfer material is separated from the transfer material bearing member along a peripheral surface of the transfer material bearing member in a rotational direction of the transfer material bearing member is L, a whole circumferential length of the transfer material bearing member is L1 and a maximum length of the transfer material usable in the image forming apparatus in the rotational direction of the transfer material bearing member is Hmax, a relation L.ltoreq.

Abstract: An image recording apparatus includes an image bearing member; a recording material carrying member for carrying a recording material to a transfer position for transfer of an image; a moving device for imparting relative movement between the image bearing member and the recording material carrying member; and a recess in the recording material carrying member for permitting the image bearing member and the recording material carrying member to face each other without contact therebetween. The recording material feeding speed is switched from a first speed different from the fixing speed to a second speed substantially the same so that when it imparts the approaching relative movement, the peripheral speeds of the recording material carrying member and image bearing member are substantially equal immediately before they contact.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image forming apparatus with an image bearing member capable of rotating while bearing a toner image thereon, a transfer device for transferring the toner image from the image bearing member to a recording material at a transfer position, recording material bearing member capable of rotating while bearing the recording material thereon and adapted to convey the recording material to the transfer position, a pair of rotary members arranged at an upstream side of the recording material bearing member in a recording material conveying direction and adapted to pinch and convey the recording material, and a separation device for separating the recording material from the recording material bearing member at a separation position.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus usable with a process cartridge for forming an image on a recording material. The process cartridge includes an image bearing member, and at least one developing device for developing a latent image formed on the image bearing member with a developer. Each of said at least one developing devices includes a developer accommodating device for accommodating a respective developer to be used in said at least one developing device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process of thermal treatment in a tissue comprising embedding an implant element in an organism and externally applying a high frequency magnetic field characterized in that the implant element comprises a magnetic exothermic member partially or completely covered with a non-magnetic insulating film.According to the present invention, the temperature range required in the process of medical treatment in tissue (42.degree. C. to 43.degree. C.) can be more effectively maintained compared with a conventional magnetic exothermic member. Because of the complete coverage with an insulating film, a magnetic exothermic member having a higher Curie temperature than that of the conventional magnetic exothermic member can also be employed. The magnetic exothermic member can provide an isotropic exothermic characteristic when the powders are molded and the components of the magnetic exothermic member never dissolve in a living body.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a detachably mountable process cartridge, the process cartridge including an image bearing member and a color developing device actable on the image bearing member, the color developing device containing plural developing units having yellow developer, respectively; detachably mountable developing device actable on the image bearing member in the process cartridge, the detachably mountable developing device containing black developer and being detachably mountable independently of the process cartridge; and a device for forming a latent image on the image bearing member; a transfer device for transferring a developed image from the image bearing member to a recording material.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a latent image forming device for forming a latent image having a high potential portion and a low potential portion before a toner image is formed on the image bearing member, a transfer material bearing member for bearing and for conveying a transfer material to a transfer station where the toner image on the image bearing member is transferred onto the transfer material, and a potential applying device for applying a predetermined potential which is lower than the potential of the high potential portion of a predetermined area of the image bearing member. According to the invention, when a portion of the transfer material bearing member is in the transfer station before transfer of the toner image has begun, a portion of the predetermined area is in the transfer station.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes a rotatable developer carrying member for carrying one component developer to a developing zone for developing an electrostatic latent image for an image bearing member; a regulating member for regulating a thickness of a layer of the developer to be carried by the developer carrying member to the developing zone; a rotatable developer, in contact with the developer carrying member, for supplying the developer; a developer guiding portion for guiding reverse movement of the developer blocked by the regulating member; wherein 0.02.ltoreq.d/Vs.ltoreq.0.1 is satisfied, where d is a minimum distance between the developer guiding portion and the developer feeding member (mm), and Vs is a peripheral speed of the developer feeding member (mm)/sec.

Abstract: Frozen products housed in a rack are retained in a spiral wire and is guided by plastic guide pieces formed at portions necessary to hold the products. The guide pieces are fixed onto fitting supports attached to the rack, so that ice deposition spaces are created between the guide pieces and a rack surface (12). Thus, the ice formed in the rack is accumulated in the spaces, thereby reducing its effect on the products. In the invention, damage to the wrapping of a bagged product and deformation thereof are prevented.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes a developer carrying member for supplying a developer to an image bearing member, wherein the developer is a one component developer, and has a flowability index of 5-30%. A developing bias voltage application device applies a developing bias to the developer carrying member, wherein the developing bias application device applies an oscillating bias voltage, including a first peak voltage, for an application period T1, for forming an electric field for urging the developer from the developer carrying member to the image bearing member, and a second peak voltage, for an application period T2, for forming an electric field for urging the developer from the image bearing member to the developer carrying member, wherein T1:T2 satisfies 1:2-1:10.

Abstract: A superposed image forming apparatus wherein toner images are superposedly transferred onto a transfer material includes an image bearing member; a device for forming a toner image on the image bearing member; a transfer material carrying member, disposed opposed to the image bearing member, for carrying a transfer material in synchronism with the toner image on the image bearing member; a transfer material supplying device for supplying the transfer material to the transfer material carrying member; a transfer bias voltage source for applying to the transfer material carrying member a bias voltage for image transfer from the image bearing member to the transfer material; an attraction member for urging the transfer material to the transfer material carrying member to hold the transfer material on the transfer material carrying member; an attraction bias voltage source for applying a bias voltage to the attraction member; the bias voltage applied to the attraction member is changed in association with on-and-

Abstract: An image forming apparatus capable of performing a suitable transport that is free from the occurrence of an inner blank, and is free from image or color misalignment. A transfer member supporting member, for supporting a transfer member at a transfer position at which the toner image on the image carrier is transferred to the transfer member, has a dielectric layer defining its outer surface and an elastic layer provided inside the dielectric layer. The elastic layer preferably has a compression range between about 0 to 2 mm at the transfer position, and the total pressure of this compression is about 1 kg/mm in this compression range.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a recording material carrying member for carrying a recording material; an image forming device for forming an image on a recording material carried on the recording material carrying member; an attraction member for electrostatically attracting the recording material on the recording material carrying member; and voltage applying source for applying an oscillating voltage to the attraction member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is provided with a latent image forming member for forming first and second electrostatic latent images on an image bearing member. A first developer forms a first visualized image by developing the first electrostatic latent image, and a second developer provides a second visualized image by developing the second electrostatic latent image. The second developer acts on the image bearing member after the first visualized image is formed on the image bearing member, and the second developer includes a developer carrier for carrying a developer to a developing position where the developer is supplied to the image bearing member. A vibratory voltage is applied to the developer carrier of the second developer. A controller changes a duty ratio of the vibratory voltage.