Abstract: A light-guiding member is provided with two light source groups on its both terminals and the light-guiding board comprises two light mixing areas which have a cross section form which is symmetry for its center line, and a light outputting area between these. The light mixing areas function as an area in which the lights from each adjacent light source group are mixed and at the same time function as an area to output the mixed lights from each remote light source group. The light outputting area functions as an area to pass a part of the mixed lights from the two light source groups and at the same time functions as an area to output the rest.

Abstract: An image is displayed by modulating TM-polarized light between the polarizer 2 and the wire grid polarizer 18 through the variation of the optical characteristic of the liquid crystal layer 12 interposed between the transparent plate 4 and the transparent plate 26. Degradation of contrast in the bright ambience is avoided by providing an absorption layer for absorbing TE-polarized light on that surface of the wire grid polarizer 18 which faces the liquid crystal layer 12.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device, rays of light of a light source for blue light emission are concentrated on a fluorescent material by using a lens of a first micro-lens array and fluorescent rays from the fluorescent material are concentrated on a pixel of corresponding color by using a lens of a second micro-lens array.

Abstract: A display of an electrochromic type, including an active matrix substrate on which a plurality of pixel electrodes corresponding to pixels are arranged in a matrix form; a counter substrate which is provided with a transparent electrode that is common with respect to a plurality of the pixel electrodes; and an electrochromic material which is sandwiched between the active matrix substrate and the counter substrate, and is colored in a boundary either between itself and the pixel electrode or between itself and the transparent electrode; wherein the pixel electrode other than an electrode-exposed part which contacts with the electrochromic material is covered with a transparent protective film; and the electrode-exposed part has a different area from the area of the part onto which a current generated between the transparent electrode and the pixel electrode concentrates, out of the transparent electrode.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to realize an image display device for color display with high luminance and high contrast. In the present invention, a unit cell 111 is filled with electrophoresis ink including two kinds of particles different in chargeability and color being dispersed in transmissive solvent 107. Voltage is applied to an opposite electrode 103, a stacked lower electrode 104 and an upper electrode 105 and thereby electrically charged particles 108a and charged particles 108b are moved to a first opening 106a and a second opening 106b where an insulating layer 110 is provided on the lower electrode 104 and the upper electrode 105. Thus assemblage and diffusion state of two kinds of particles are controlled. Thereby, a unit cell 111 obtains four display colors. Since the lower electrode 104 can be made to be a reflecting layer covering the entire unit cell, it is possible to make the aperture ratio large and the reflection percentage large.

Abstract: An image display apparatus configured by a display panel having an image memory element in a pixel, which achieves low power consumption. A nonvolatile image memory element 1, which can change the resistance value by phase change, is connected to a pixel electrode 25 of a liquid crystal element 5. The output of a thin-film transistor 17 driven by scanning and signal electrode lines 7, 9 is connected to the pixel electrode 25. When the scanning electrode line 7 is selected to have a high level voltage, the thin-film transistor 17 is turned on and a current signal flowing through the signal electrode 9 is sent through the image memory element 1 to a reference electrode line 15. Depending on the current value or pulse width passing through the image memory element 1, the resistance of the image memory element 1 is changed and is stored as a resistance value.

Abstract: A display that has a plurality of charged particles between a pair of substrates and displays images by moving the plurality of charged particles. The display comprises one substrate formed with a pixel electrode; the other substrate that is disposed to face the one surface and is formed with a counter electrode; a plurality of partitions for dividing the gap between the pair of substrates into a plurality of regions; and an insulating layer formed to have an insulating part and openings on the pixel electrode, and displays images by changing the potential difference applied between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode.

Abstract: A display of an electrochromic type, including an active matrix substrate on which a plurality of pixel electrodes corresponding to pixels are arranged in a matrix form; a counter substrate which is provided with a transparent electrode that is common with respect to a plurality of the pixel electrodes; and an electrochromic material which is sandwiched between the active matrix substrate and the counter substrate, and is colored in a boundary either between itself and the pixel electrode or between itself and the transparent electrode; wherein the pixel electrode other than an electrode-exposed part which contacts with the electrochromic material is covered with a transparent protective film; and the electrode-exposed part has a different area from the area of the part onto which a current generated between the transparent electrode and the pixel electrode concentrates, out of the transparent electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical system that has superior optical characteristic and wear resistance and can be formed at low temperatures. An optical system 101 for adjusting visible light transmittance to have a desired value comprises fluoride 103, and at least part of the optical system has a crystal grain diameter of 3 nm to 10 nm. The fluoride 103 has a specific surface area of 1 m2/g to 5 m2/g.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophoretic display in which an insulating liquid is uniformly provided to the divided microspaces each corresponding to one pixel and display characteristics uniform over the display surface are actualized. The present invention includes a transparent first substrate 1 and a transparent second substrate 2 arranged with a predetermined gap therebetween, charged particles 6 dispersed in an insulating liquid 5 provided to the gap, and a first electrode 3 and a second electrode 4 arranged on either of the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, wherein liquid-repellency parts 8 and repellency-lowered parts 9 are arranged on the surface of the first substrate 1 and the surface of the second substrate 2, and the insulating liquid 5 is provided to the repellency-lowered parts on the surface of the first substrate 1 and the surface of the second substrate 2.

Abstract: A light-emitting device which is manufactured by a simple manufacturing method and which efficiently extracts light emitted from an emissive layer outward to improve the light extraction efficiency. The light-emitting device comprises a first electrode, a second electrode and an emissive layer disposed between them and extracts a part of light emitted from the emissive layer as radiated light. In this light-emitting device, the first electrode, the nano-structure layer for extracting the radiated light, and a gap having a refractive index lower than an average refractive index of the emissive layer and a nano-structure layer, are arranged in that order in a direction in which the radiated light is extracted.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophoretic display in which an insulating liquid is uniformly provided to the divided microspaces each corresponding to one pixel and display characteristics uniform over the display surface are actualized. The present invention includes a transparent first substrate 1 and a transparent second substrate 2 arranged with a predetermined gap therebetween, charged particles 6 dispersed in an insulating liquid 5 provided to the gap, and a first electrode 3 and a second electrode 4 arranged on either of the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, wherein liquid-repellency parts 8 and repellency-lowered parts 9 are arranged on the surface of the first substrate 1 and the surface of the second substrate 2, and the insulating liquid 5 is provided to the repellency-lowered parts on the surface of the first substrate 1 and the surface of the second substrate 2.

Abstract: A reference voltage line is synchronously scanned with scanning of a scanning signal line, voltage of the reference voltage line is set to be the voltage of a common electrode, the second transistor is set to be OFF state during the reference voltage line is set in the common voltage for a pixel wherein a node between an image signal memory and said second transistor is set in a voltage so that said second transistor becomes OFF and the voltage of image signal line is set to be high voltage level when the voltage of the scanning signal line changes from low voltage level to high voltage level for the pixel wherein the node between the image signal memory and the second transistor is set in a voltage so that said second transistor becomes ON.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophoretic display in which an insulating liquid is uniformly provided to the divided microspaces each corresponding to one pixel and display characteristics uniform over the display surface are actualized. The present invention includes a transparent first substrate 1 and a transparent second substrate 2 arranged with a predetermined gap therebetween, charged particles 6 dispersed in an insulating liquid 5 provided to the gap, and a first electrode 3 and a second electrode 4 arranged on either of the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, wherein liquid-repellency parts 8 and repellency-lowered parts 9 are arranged on the surface of the first substrate 1 and the surface of the second substrate 2, and the insulating liquid 5 is provided to the repellency-lowered parts on the surface of the first substrate 1 and the surface of the second substrate 2.

Abstract: Each of first electrodes has a width smaller than the width of each of second electrodes in one direction on the plane of a display substrate. The second electrodes are applied with a voltage which is modulated independently on a pixel-by-pixel basis to move electrophoretic particles, thereby displaying an image.

Abstract: In a portable information processing apparatus, frames 5 and 6 on which display devices are mounted are pivotally supported in a coupling portion 3 constituted by a hinge mechanism in an openable/closable manner, while the display devices have main displays 1 and 2, which perform printing with high-resolution quality. While the coupling portion 3 is set to a fulcrum, the main displays 1 and 2 are brought into such a two-page spreading condition for the use, and are overlapped with each other, and are folded into two displays for closure, so that the portable information processing apparatus can be carried. Since a rotation portion 4 is rotated, an image which is displayed on the main displays 1 and 2 can be changed. Both a power switch 7 and a function switch 8, which are necessary switches and the like, are mounted on an edge portion of the frame 6.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophoretic display in which an insulating liquid is uniformly provided to the divided microspaces each corresponding to one pixel and display characteristics uniform over the display surface are actualized. The present invention includes a transparent first substrate 1 and a transparent second substrate 2 arranged with a predetermined gap therebetween, charged particles 6 dispersed in an insulating liquid 5 provided to the gap, and a first electrode 3 and a second electrode 4 arranged on either of the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, wherein liquid-repellency parts 8 and repellency-lowered parts 9 are arranged on the surface of the first substrate 1 and the surface of the second substrate 2, and the insulating liquid 5 is provided to the repellency-lowered parts on the surface of the first substrate 1 and the surface of the second substrate 2.

Abstract: An optical switch includes at least one light-receiving core for receiving an optical signal, a plurality of light-emitting cores which are used selectively for emitting the optical signal, and a plurality of waveguides connecting the light-receiving core and the plurality of light-emitting cores. A nonlinear optical element which, when pumped, changes its refractive index by 2% or above relative to the surroundings to control a traveling direction of the optical signal is disposed near at least one of the plurality of waveguides.

Abstract: Optical signals of which wavelength is multipled and which are transferred via an optical fiber 10 make incidence to refractive index distributing lens 34 and are converted into substantially parallel light beams, the optical signals converted make incidence into a polarized light conversion element 20a and are separated therein into two light beams and are emitted in a form of two linear polarized light beams of which polarization direction are aligned. The linear polarized light beams are separated by wavelength separation filters 28a, 28b and 28c, and make incidence with every two wavelength components either into a polarized light conversion element 20b or into polarized light conversion element 20c, and the optical paths for the light beams separated into two by the polarized light conversion element 20a are joined to form one light beam path for every waveform component.

Abstract: Linear polarized light beams are separated by wavelength separation filters 28a, 28b, and 28c, and make incidence with every two wavelength components either into a polarized light conversion element 20b or into polarized light conversion element 20c, and the optical paths for the light beams separated into two by the polarized light conversion element 20a are joined to form one light beam path for every waveform component. The optical signals of the four wavelength components are reflected either by a mirror 31b or by a mirror 31c, are converged by such as a hologram lens 40c, and, after being reflected by a mirror 32, are detected for every wavelength component by the photo detector array 36.