Abstract: At each measurement time, measurement light is supplied from a measurement light source 11, and interference light obtained when reflected light from a semiconductor wafer W and reference light from a reference light generating section 14 are coupled is detected by a photodetector 15. A thickness calculating section 16 obtains a light intensity distribution representing the correlation between the light intensity of the interference light and the reference optical path length, selects a wafer upper surface peak and wafer lower surface peak from a plurality of light intensity peaks in the light intensity distribution using a predetermined selection criterion, and calculates the thickness of the semiconductor wafer W from the optical path length difference between the light intensity peaks.

Abstract: An iron-based sintered alloy material for a valve seat, in which hard particles are dispersed in a base matrix phase, is characterized in that the base matrix phase is comprised of 5 to 40 vol. % of a pearlite phase and 10 to 40 vol. % of a high-alloy diffused phase and particles having hardness of Hv 600 to 1300 and particle diameter of 10 to 150 &mgr;m are dispersed as the hard particles, by the amount of 10 to 30 vol. %, in the base matrix phase. The hard particles are preferably at least one type of particles selected from the group consisting of intermetallic compound particles of Mo—Ni—Cr—Si—Co; intermetallic compound particles of Cr—Mo—Co; Fe—Mo alloy particles; and carbide-precipitated particles.

Abstract: A disc reproducing apparatus is provided which is adapted to scan information tracks to read information recorded on an information recording medium. This disc reproducing apparatus comprises: determining means capable of determining an actually happened track jump, said determining being effected when a difference between a present reproducing positional information and a reference reproducing positional information is larger than a predetermined value; detecting means for detecting a present track position which is just being reproduced at a present time; and setting means for setting said predetermined value corresponding to the present track position, in accordance with a result of the detecting means.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes, in combination, an intake side valve system and an exhaust side valve system. Each of the valve systems comprises a valve seat and a valve member to be assembled with the valve seat, in which the valve seat has a base member including a matrix of iron-base sintered alloy and a dispersed Si—Cr—Mo—Co group intermetallic compound powder, the intermetailic compound powder having a hardness of Hv600 to Hv1000 and an average particle diameter of 20 to 70 &mgr;m, the matrix being contained at 10 to 50 mass % with reference to total mass of the base member, and the valve member has a base member including a matrix of martensitic steel and a nitriding diffusion layer formed to a valve face of the base member, the nitriding diffusion layer having a hardness of more than Hv500 and a thickness of more than 20 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A camera incorporates a photo film support plate, which supports a back of photo film. The photo film has a magnetic recording area. An opening is formed in the photo film support plate. A magnetic head projects forwards from inside the opening, for recording information to and/or reading information from the magnetic recording area. A head base plate is mounted on a rear face of the photo film support plate to cover the opening, for supporting the magnetic head. Adhesive agent is applied to the periphery of the head base plate, and hardened for securing the head base plate to the photo film support plate. A pair of recesses are formed in a rear face of the head base plate in a vicinity of the periphery. The adhesive agent is disposed to extend from a front face of the head base plate to a surface of the recesses, which enlarge a contact area between the adhesive agent and the head base plate.

Abstract: A camera incorporates a photo film support plate, which supports a back of photo film. The photo film has a magnetic recording area. An opening is formed in the photo film support plate. A magnetic head projects forwards from inside the opening, for recording information to and/or reading information from the magnetic recording area. A head base plate is mounted on a rear face of the photo film support plate to cover the opening, for supporting the magnetic head. Adhesive agent is applied to the periphery of the head base plate, and hardened for securing the head base plate to the photo film support plate. A pair of recesses are formed in a rear face of the head base plate in a vicinity of the periphery. The adhesive agent is disposed to extend from a front face of the head base plate to a surface of the recesses, which enlarge a contact area between the adhesive agent and the head base plate.

Abstract: A system for reproducing recording mediums has a reproducing device, a storing device for storing a plurality of recording mediums, a moving device for relatively moving the reproducing device and storing device for reproducing a recording medium. A controller is provided to be responsive to a command for operating the moving device for positioning the reproducing device and the storing device at predetermined fixable initializing positions.

Abstract: A valve seat made of an iron base sintered alloy for internal combustion engines comprises of hard particles of hardness 700-1300 Hv dispersed by 3-20% by volume in a matrix phase comprising comprising of a 5-40% psarlite phase, a 20-60% fine carbide dispersed phase, and a 5-20% high alloy diffusd phase. The hard paricles are preferably selected from a group of Mo--Ni--Cr--Si--Co intermetallic compound particles, Cr--Mo--Co intermetallic compound particles, and Fe--Mo alloy particles. The iron base sinteed alloy is conpised of, by weight, C: 0.2-2.0%, Cr: 1.0-9.0%, Mo: 1.0-9.0%, Si: 0.1-1.0%, W: 1.0-50%, V: 0.2-3.0%, one or more Cu, Co and Ni of 0.5-10.0% in total, and the remainder substantial Fe.

Abstract: A valve seat for an internal combustion engine is provided with a base member in which cobalt-based hard particles are dispersed in a matrix of an iron-based alloy. The matrix of an iron-based alloy comprises (a) carbon in a range of 0.5-1.5 weight %, (b) chromium and/or vanadium in a range of 0.5-10.0 weight % in total and (c) iron as a remainder based on weight of the base member respectively. An amount of the cobalt-based hard particles is in a range of 26-50 weight % based on weight of the base member.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an iron series sintered alloy superior in abrasion resistance, preferably usable for slipping parts such as valve seats used in internal combustion engines, vanes in compressors and so forth. The sintered alloy is of base matrix of a mixed structure comprising the primary phase of in area ratio 30.about.95% mainly of Fe having a hardness of 400 Hv or above with precipitated fine carbide of 10 .mu.m or smaller, and the secondary phase of in area ratio 5.about.70% softer than said primary phase, consisted of pure iron or carbon steel or low alloy steel. This base matrix will include in area ratio 1.about.20% infiltrated or previously added Cu phase or Cu alloy phase, or will include dispersed therein in area ratio 1.about.20% hard particles having average diameter of 20.about.100 .mu.m and a hardnessof 700.about.1500 Hv such as Fe--Mo paricles, Cr--Mo--Co intermetallic compound particles, C--Cr--W--Co particles, etc.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a joined type valve seat which is joined into the cylinder head of an aluminum alloy in an internal combustion engine by resistance welding and, in particular, to an improved joined type valve seat superior in strength, rigidity, and abrasion resistance, whereby no cracks are caused when running the engine or when joining the valve seat to the engine block by resistance welding. The valve seat is made of a material having a tensile strength of 300 MPa or above, a radial crushing strength of 500 MPa or above, an elongation of 0.6% or more, a thermal conductivity of 15 W/(m.multidot.K) or above, a coefficient of thermal expansion of 10.times.10-.sup.6 (1/K) or above, and an electric resistivity of 50 .mu..OMEGA..multidot.cm or below.

Abstract: A camshaft made of cast iron containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Bi, Te, Se, As, Sb and Sn in a total amount of 0.0001 to 0.1 weight %, preferably, 0.001 to 0.1 weight %. The cast iron may further contain at least one elements selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cu and Co in an amount of 0.2 to 5.0 weight %. Furthermore, in the camshaft of the present invention, a carbide area ratio at the sliding surface of the cam lobe portion is not less than 40%, the chilled carbide has an average grain diameter of not more than 15 .mu.m, and the sliding surface of the cam lobe portion has a hardness of not less than HRC 53.

Abstract: A valve seat for an internal combustion engine provided with a base member, wherein said base member comprises; a matrix of iron-based alloy comprising (a) carbon in a range of 0.5-1.5 weight % based on weight of said base member, (b) at least one element selected from a group consisting of nickel, cobalt and molybdenum in a range of 2.0-20.0 weight % in total based on weight of said base member and (c) iron as a remainder; cobalt-based hard particles dispersed in said matrix in a range of 26-50 weight % based on weight of said base member.

Abstract: A camshaft made of cast iron containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Bi, Te, Se, As, Sb and Sn in a total amount of 0.0001 to 0.1 weight %, preferably, 0.001 to 0.1 weight %. The cast iron may further contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cu and Co, in an amount of 0.2 to 5.0 weight %. Furthermore, in the camshaft of the present invention, a carbide area ratio at the sliding surface of the cam lobe portion is not less than 40%, the chilled carbide has an average grain diameter of not more than 15 .mu.m, and the sliding surface of the cam lobe portion has a hardness of not less than HRC 53.

Abstract: A secondary hardening type high temperature wear-resistant sintered alloy body comprising 0.4 to 15 wt. % of at least one species of metal carbide forming element which is selected from the group consisting of W, Mo, V, Ti, Nb, Ta and B; 5 to 35 wt. % of at least one species of austenite forming element which is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Cu, and Cr; 0.2 to 1.2 wt. % of C; and 0.04 to 0.2 wt. % of Al consisting essentially the remainder of Fe, wherein the alloy body contains an austenite phase which is capable of martensitic transformation.

Abstract: Rolls of toilet paper are produced by winding a paper web around each of a plurality of air permeable cylindrical cores each having a fixed, outer diameter while applying a liquid to only a leading portion of each web so that wound webs each having a wet inner portion are formed. After drying the wound webs to integrally bind the inner portion, the core is separated from each of the wound webs.

Abstract: Rolls of toilet paper are produced by winding a paper web around each of a plurality of air permeable cylindrical cores each having a fixed, outer diameter while applying a liquid to only a leading portion of each web so that wound webs each having a wet inner portion are formed. After drying the wound webs to integrally bind the inner portion, the core is separated from each of the wound webs.

Abstract: A readily adhesive polyester film comprising a polyester film having provided on at least one surface thereof a readily adhesive thin layer (a primer layer) containing an aqueous phenoxy resin; anda process for preparation of a readily adhesive polyester film which comprises applying an aqueous coating containing an aqueous phenoxy resin on at least one surface of a polyester film before completion of crystalline orientation, and then subjecting the resulting film to drying, stretching and heating treatments to complete crystalline orientation of the film.

Abstract: A polyester film having on at least one side, a primer layer comprising a crosslinked product between (a) a polyurethane having (0.22-33).times.10.sup.-4 gram equivalent/gram of resin, of at least one functional group selected from a carboxyl group and a salt group derived therefrom and (b) a polyepoxy compound, said crosslinked product containing (c) an antistatic agent composed mainly of a compound represented by the following general formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group of 4-20 carbon atoms, and M.sub.1 and M.sub.2 each represent an alkali metal ion, an ammonium group or a tertiary amino group, as well as a process for producing said film. The film is useful as a base material for highly processed polyester film products such as magnetic tape, floppy disc, X-ray photographic film, telephone card, OHP, base for printing plate and the like.

Abstract: A secondary hardening type high temperature wear-resistant sintered alloy body comprising 0.4 to 15 wt. % of at least one species of metal carbide forming element which is selected from the group consisting of W, Mo, V, Ti, Nb, Ta and B; 5 to 35 wt. % of at least one species of austenite forming element which is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Cu, and Cr; 0.2 to 1.2 wt. % of C; and 0.04 to 0.2 wt % of the remainder consisting essentially of Fe wherein the alloy body contains an austenite phase which is capable of martensitic transformation.