Abstract: Techniques for natural language processing include accessing an input string comprising a natural language utterance and a database schema representation for a database; providing the natural language utterance to a first encoder to generate one or more embeddings of the natural language utterance; providing the database schema representation to the first encoder to generate one or more embeddings of the database schema representation; encoding, by a second encoder, relations between elements in the database schema representation and words in the natural language utterance based on the one or more embeddings of the natural language utterance and the one or more embeddings of the database schema representation; and generating a logical form for the natural language utterance based on the encoded relations, the one or more embeddings of the natural language utterance, and the one or more embeddings of the database schema representation.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed herein for resolving date/time expressions while transforming natural language to a logical form such as a meaning representation language. A class label for a token in a natural language utterance and a meaning representation for the natural language utterance can be predicted. The class label can be associated with a date/time expression. The meaning representation can include an operator and a value. When the value associated with the class label matches a predetermined value type or the operator matches a predetermined operator, the value and/or the operator can be modified, and an executable statement can be generated for the meaning representation. A query on a computing system can be executed using the executable statement.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed herein for focused training of language models and end-to-end hypertuning of the framework. In one aspect, a method is provided that includes obtaining a machine learning model pre-trained for language modeling, and post-training the machine learning model for various tasks to generate a focused machine learning model. The post-training includes: (i) training the machine learning model on an unlabeled set of training data pertaining to a task that the machine learning model was pre-trained for as part of the language modeling, and the unlabeled set of training data is obtained with respect to a target domain, a target task, or a target language, and (ii) training the machine learning model on a labeled set of training data that pertains to another task that is an auxiliary task related to a downstream task to be performed using the machine learning model or output from the machine learning model.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed herein for focused training of language models and end-to-end hypertuning of the framework. In one aspect, a method is provided that includes obtaining a machine learning model pre-trained for language modeling, and post-training the machine learning model for various tasks to generate a focused machine learning model. The post-training includes: (i) training the machine learning model on an unlabeled set of training data pertaining to a task that the machine learning model was pre-trained for as part of the language modeling, and the unlabeled set of training data is obtained with respect to a target domain, a target task, or a target language, and (ii) training the machine learning model on a labeled set of training data that pertains to another task that is an auxiliary task related to a downstream task to be performed using the machine learning model or output from the machine learning model.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for automatically generating Subjective, Objective, Assessment and Plan (SOAP) notes. Particularly, techniques are disclosed for training data collection and evaluation for automatic SOAP note generation. Training data is accessed, and evaluation process is performed on the training data to result in evaluated training data. A fine-tuned machine-learning model is generated using the evaluated training data. The fine-tuned machine-learning model can be used to perform a task associated with generating a SOAP note.

Abstract: In some aspects, a computing device may receive, at a data processing system, a set of utterances for training or inferencing with a named entity recognizer to assign a label to each token piece from the set of utterances. The computing device may determine a length of each utterance in the set and when the length of the utterance exceeds a pre-determined threshold of token pieces: dividing the utterance into a plurality of overlapping chunks of token pieces; assigning a label together with a confidence score for each token piece in a chunk; determining a final label and an associated confidence score for each chunk of token pieces by merging two confidence scores; determining a final annotated label for the utterance based at least on the merging the two confidence scores; and storing the final annotated label in a memory.

Abstract: Techniques for using logit values for classifying utterances and messages input to chatbot systems in natural language processing. A method can include a chatbot system receiving an utterance generated by a user interacting with the chatbot system. The chatbot system can input the utterance into a machine-learning model including a set of binary classifiers. Each binary classifier of the set of binary classifiers can be associated with a modified logit function. The method can also include the machine-learning model using the modified logit function to generate a set of distance-based logit values for the utterance. The method can also include the machine-learning model applying an enhanced activation function to the set of distance-based logit values to generate a predicted output. The method can also include the chatbot system classifying, based on the predicted output, the utterance as being associated with the particular class.

Abstract: In some aspects, a computing device may receive, at a data processing system, a set of utterances for training or inferencing with a named entity recognizer to assign a label to each token piece from the set of utterances. The computing device may determine a length of each utterance in the set and when the length of the utterance exceeds a pre-determined threshold of token pieces: dividing the utterance into a plurality of overlapping chunks of token pieces; assigning a label together with a confidence score for each token piece in a chunk; determining a final label and an associated confidence score for each chunk of token pieces by merging two confidence scores; determining a final annotated label for the utterance based at least on the merging the two confidence scores; and storing the final annotated label in a memory.

Abstract: Techniques for using logit values for classifying utterances and messages input to chatbot systems in natural language processing. A method can include a chatbot system receiving an utterance generated by a user interacting with the chatbot system. The chatbot system can input the utterance into a machine-learning model including a set of binary classifiers. Each binary classifier of the set of binary classifiers can be associated with a modified logit function. The method can also include the machine-learning model using the modified logit function to generate a set of distance-based logit values for the utterance. The method can also include the machine-learning model applying an enhanced activation function to the set of distance-based logit values to generate a predicted output. The method can also include the chatbot system classifying, based on the predicted output, the utterance as being associated with the particular class.

Abstract: Techniques for using enhanced logit values for classifying utterances and messages input to chatbot systems in natural language processing. A method can include a chatbot system receiving an utterance generated by a user interacting with the chatbot system and inputting the utterance into a machine-learning model including a series of network layers. A final network layer of the series of network layers can include a logit function. The machine-learning model can map a first probability for a resolvable class to a first logit value using the logit function. The machine-learning model can map a second probability for a unresolvable class to an enhanced logit value. The method can also include the chatbot system classifying the utterance as the resolvable class or the unresolvable class based on the first logit value and the enhanced logit value.

Abstract: Techniques for using logit values for classifying utterances and messages input to chatbot systems in natural language processing. A method can include a chatbot system receiving an utterance generated by a user interacting with the chatbot system. The chatbot system can input the utterance into a machine-learning model including a set of binary classifiers. Each binary classifier of the set of binary classifiers can be associated with a modified logit function. The method can also include the machine-learning model using the modified logit function to generate a set of distance-based logit values for the utterance. The method can also include the machine-learning model applying an enhanced activation function to the set of distance-based logit values to generate a predicted output. The method can also include the chatbot system classifying, based on the predicted output, the utterance as being associated with the particular class.

Abstract: Techniques for using enhanced logit values for classifying utterances and messages input to chatbot systems in natural language processing. A method can include a chatbot system receiving an utterance generated by a user interacting with the chatbot system and inputting the utterance into a machine-learning model including a series of network layers. A final network layer of the series of network layers can include a logit function. The machine-learning model can map a first probability for a resolvable class to a first logit value using the logit function. The machine-learning model can map a second probability for a unresolvable class to an enhanced logit value. The method can also include the chatbot system classifying the utterance as the resolvable class or the unresolvable class based on the first logit value and the enhanced logit value.

Abstract: Techniques for using logit values for classifying utterances and messages input to chatbot systems in natural language processing. A method can include a chatbot system receiving an utterance generated by a user interacting with the chatbot system. The chatbot system can input the utterance into a machine-learning model including a set of binary classifiers. Each binary classifier of the set of binary classifiers can be associated with a modified logit function. The method can also include the machine-learning model using the modified logit function to generate a set of distance-based logit values for the utterance. The method can also include the machine-learning model applying an enhanced activation function to the set of distance-based logit values to generate a predicted output. The method can also include the chatbot system classifying, based on the predicted output, the utterance as being associated with the particular class.

Abstract: Devices and techniques are disclosed herein to provide a number of different bias signals to each of multiple signal lines of an array of memory cells, each bias signal having an overdrive voltage above a target voltage by a selected increment and an overdrive period, to determine settling times of each of the multiple signal lines to the target voltage for the number of different bias signals, to determine a functional compensation profile for an array of memory cells comprising a relationship between the different bias signals and the determined settling times of the multiple signal lines.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed herein for using named entity recognition to resolve entity expression while transforming natural language to a meaning representation language. In one aspect, a method includes accessing natural language text, predicting, by a first machine learning model, a class label for a token in the natural language text, predicting, by a second machine-learning model, operators for a meaning representation language and a value or value span for each attribute of the operators, in response to determining that the value or value span for a particular attribute matches the class label, converting a portion of the natural language text for the value or value span into a resolved format, and outputting syntax for the meaning representation language. The syntax comprises the operators with the portion of the natural language text for the value or value span in the resolved format.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed herein for adaptive training data augmentation to facilitate training named entity recognition (NER) models. Adaptive augmentation techniques are disclosed herein that take into consideration the distribution of different entity types within training data. The adaptive augmentation techniques generate adaptive numbers of augmented examples (e.g., utterances) based on the distribution of entities to make sure enough numbers of examples for minority class entities are generated during augmentation of the training data.

Abstract: Systems and methods fine-tune a pretrained machine learning model. For a model having multiple layers, an initial set of configurations is identified, each configuration establishing layers to be frozen and layers to be fine-tuned. A configuration that is optimized with respect to one or more parameters is selected, establishing a set of fine-tuning layers and a set of frozen layers. An input for the model is provided to a remote system. An output of the set of frozen layers of the model, given the provided input, is received back and locally stored. The set of fine-tuning layers of the model is loaded from the remote system. The model is fine-tuned by retrieving the locally stored output of the set of frozen layers, and updating weights associated with the set of fine-tuning layers of the machine learning model.

Abstract: An augmentation and feature caching subsystem is described for training AI/ML models. In one particular aspect, a method is provided that includes receiving data comprising training examples, one or more augmentation configuration hyperparameters and one or more feature extraction configuration hyperparameters; generating a first key based on one of the training examples and the one or more augmentation configuration hyperparameters; searching a first key-value storage based on the first key; obtaining one or more augmentations based on the search of the first key-value storage; applying the obtained one or more augmentations to the training examples to result in augmented training examples; generating a second key based on one of the augmented training examples and the one or more feature extraction configuration hyperparameters; searching a second key-value storage based on the second key; obtaining one or more features based on the search of the second key-value storage.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for augmenting training data using gazetteers and perturbations to facilitate training named entity recognition models. The training data can be augmented by generating additional utterances from original utterances in the training data and combining the generated additional utterances with the original utterances to form the augmented training data. The additional utterances can be generated by replacing the named entities in the original utterances with different named entities and/or perturbed versions of the named entities in the original utterances selected from a gazetteer. Gazetteers of named entities can be generated from the training data and expanded by searching a knowledge base and/or perturbing the named entities therein. The named entity recognition model can be trained using the augmented training data.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for improved training of a machine learning model using lexical dropout. A machine learning model and a training data set are accessed. The training data set can include sample utterances and corresponding labels. A dropout parameter is identified. The dropout parameter can indicate a likelihood for dropping out one or more feature vectors for tokens associated with respective entities during training of the machine learning model. The dropout parameter is applied to feature vectors for tokens associated with respective entities. The machine learning model is trained using the training data set and the dropout parameter to generate a trained machine learning model. The use of the trained the machine learning model is facilitated.