Abstract: A sensor for monitoring a species which is a component of a fluid. The sensor includes an internal reflection window which, in use, is in direct contact with the fluid. The sensor further includes a mid-infrared light source which directs a beam of mid-infrared radiation into said window for attenuated internal reflection at an interface between the window and the fluid. The sensor further includes a first narrow bandpass filter which preferentially transmits mid-infrared radiation over a band of wavelengths corresponding to an absorbance peak of the species. The sensor further includes an infrared detector which detects filtered mid-infrared radiation transmitted through the first filter and a processor for measuring the intensity of the detected mid-infrared radiation transmitted through the first filter, and determines therefrom an amount of the species in the fluid.

Abstract: A narrow bandpass filter that may be used in a mid-infrared sensor for monitoring a species, which may be a component of a fluid or a solid material. The filter comprises a cavity comprising a low refractive index material. By providing a high ratio of low refractive index material in the filter with respective to high refractive index material, the filter is configured so that wavelength transmission remains constant with varying temperature. Materials used for the low and/or high refractive index provide a temperature invariant filter that transmits mid-infrared spectra without serious degradation.

Abstract: A molecular species is covalently attached to elemental carbon by exposing the carbon to a reaction mixture containing a strong base and a compound of the formula or in which X denotes a covalently attached atom or group capable of forming an X? anion and each Z is a moiety comprising a plurality of atoms, but which does not have a hydrogen atom directly attached to the atom which itself is directly attached to the —CH2X or —CHX group. The carbon substrate may be graphite or carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A Li/CFx primary battery having a lithium-based anode and a fluorinated carbon cathode. The fluorinated carbon cathode includes fluorinated carbon nanoparticles. The structure and size distribution of the carbon precursor carbon nanotubes are configured to provide improved battery performance. The fluorinated carbon nanoparticles can be formed by fluorinating carbon nanoparticles using a fluorine-based reactive gas at a temperature in the range from 300 to 600° C., and the fluorinated carbon nanoparticles can further be used to form the cathode of the primary battery. Producing the Li/CFx primary batter can also include heating the fluorinated carbon nanoparticles under an inert atmosphere before the fluorinated carbon nanoparticles are used to form the cathode of the primary battery.

Abstract: A sensor is provided for monitoring a mineral acid dissolved in a liquid. The sensor includes an internal reflection window which, in use, is in direct contact with the liquid. The sensor further includes a mid-infrared light source which directs a beam of mid-infrared radiation into said window for attenuated internal reflection at an interface between the window and the liquid. The sensor further includes a first narrow bandpass filter which preferentially transmits mid-infrared radiation over a band of wavelengths corresponding to an absorbance peak of the dissolved mineral acid to filter internally reflected mid-infrared radiation received from the window. The sensor further includes an infrared detector which detects filtered mid-infrared radiation transmitted through the first filter.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer systems are disclosed for establishing a screen share session. One such method comprises a collaboration server receiving a message from an application executing on a mobile communication device. The message identifies that a voice call remote to the collaboration server has been initiated by the mobile communication device and established between a calling party using the mobile communication device and one or more called parties. The collaboration server determines that the calling party and the one or more called parties in the remote voice call have an active collaboration presence with the collaboration server. The collaboration server initiates a display of a screen share user interface control on a first computing device associated with the calling party and one or more second computing devices associated with the one or more called parties.

Abstract: A catheter for measuring a fractional flow reserve includes a proximal shaft, a distal shaft coupled to a distal portion of the proximal shaft, and a pressure sensor coupled to the distal shaft. The proximal shaft includes a distal portion configured to extend through a stenosis in a vessel. The distal portion of the proximal shaft includes a radially expanded configuration having a first diameter and a radially collapsed configuration having a second diameter, wherein the first diameter is larger than the second diameter. The distal shaft includes a guidewire lumen configured to receive therein.

Abstract: A catheter for measuring a fractional flow reserve includes a proximal shaft, a distal shaft coupled to the proximal shaft, a pressure sensor coupled to the distal shaft, and at least one pressure sensor wire operably connected to the pressure sensor. The proximal shaft includes a radially expanded configuration and a radially collapsed configuration, wherein the proximal shaft has a first outer diameter in the radially expanded configuration and a second outer diameter smaller than the first outer diameter in the radially collapsed configuration. The distal shaft defines a guidewire lumen configured to receive a guidewire therein.

Abstract: A sensor for monitoring a species which is a component of a fluid. The sensor includes an internal reflection window which, in use, is in direct contact with the fluid. The sensor further includes a mid-infrared light source which directs a beam of mid-infrared radiation into said window for attenuated internal reflection at an interface between the window and the fluid. The sensor further includes a first narrow bandpass filter which preferentially transmits mid-infrared radiation over a band of wavelengths corresponding to an absorbance peak of the species. The sensor further includes an infrared detector which detects filtered mid-infrared radiation transmitted through the first filter and a processor for measuring the intensity of the detected mid-infrared radiation trans mined through the first filter, and determines therefrom an amount of the species in the fluid.

Abstract: A narrow bandpass filter that may be used in a mid-infrared sensor for monitoring a species, which may be a component of a fluid or a solid material. The filter comprises a cavity comprising a low refractive index material. By providing a high ratio of low refractive index material in the filter with respective to high refractive index material, the filter is configured so that wavelength transmission remains constant with varying temperature. Materials used for the low and/or high refractive index provide a temperature invariant filter that transmits mid-infrared spectra without serious degradation.

Abstract: A process for derivatization of an elemental carbon surface comprising exposing the carbon surface to a reaction mixture containing a thiol and a free radical initiator, and inducing decomposition of the initiator to free radicals so that moieties from the thiol become covalently attached to the carbon surface. The process can derivatize carbon with a redox active compound having a functional group which can be converted electrochemically between reduced and oxidized forms. Such derivatized carbon may be used in an electrode of an electrochemical sensor.

Abstract: A transferable value or rights system where the value or rights can be passed from entity to entity as required and is protected by a validation database that enables validation of the current state of both pockets and unspent tokens or coins.

Abstract: A catheter includes a proximal shaft, a distal shaft, a pressure sensor, and at least one pressure sensor wire. The proximal shaft is substantially C-shaped such that in cross-section, the proximal shaft includes a first circumferential end, a second circumferential end, and a gap between the first circumferential and circumferential end. The proximal shaft defines a groove configured to receive a guidewire therein. The distal shaft is coupled to the proximal shaft and defines a guidewire lumen therein. The pressure sensor is coupled to the distal shaft. The pressure sensor wire is operably connected to the pressure sensor. A proximal portion of the pressure sensor wire is disposed within a proximal shaft wall of the proximal shaft and a distal portion of the pressure sensor wire is disposed within a distal shaft wall of the distal shaft.

Abstract: A sensor is provided for monitoring a mineral acid dissolved in a liquid. The sensor includes an internal reflection window which, in use, is in direct contact with the liquid. The sensor further includes a mid-infrared light source which directs a beam of mid-infrared radiation into said window for attenuated internal reflection at an interface between the window and the liquid. The sensor further includes a first narrow bandpass filter which preferentially transmits mid-infrared radiation over a band of wavelengths corresponding to an absorbance peak of the dissolved mineral acid to filter internally reflected mid-infrared radiation received from the window. The sensor further includes an infrared detector which detects filtered mid-infrared radiation transmitted through the first filter.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer systems are disclosed for establishing a screen share session. One such method comprises a collaboration server receiving a message from an application executing on a mobile communication device. The message identifies that a voice call remote to the collaboration server has been initiated by the mobile communication device and established between a calling party using the mobile communication device and one or more called parties. The collaboration server determines that the calling party and the one or more called parties in the remote voice call have an active collaboration presence with the collaboration server. The collaboration server initiates a display of a screen share user interface control on a first computing device associated with the calling party and one or more second computing devices associated with the one or more called parties.

Abstract: A sensor is provided for monitoring cement. An internal reflection is contacted with the cement and a mid-infrared light source directs a beam of mid-infrared radiation into said window for attenuated internal reflection at an interface between the window and the cement. The reflected infrared radiation is passed through a first narrow bandpass filter that preferentially transmits mid-infrared radiation over a band of wavelengths corresponding to an absorbance peak of a species associated with the cement to filter internally reflected mid-infrared radiation received from the window. An infrared detector detects filtered mid-infrared radiation transmitted through the first filter and a processor measures the intensity of the detected mid-infrared radiation transmitted through the first filter, and determines therefrom an amount of the species associated with the cement.

Abstract: An integrated approach for cleaning an active surface of a petrochemical sensor. Sensors in the petrochemical industry are often deployed in locations where they are prone to fouling. By heating the active surface fouling substances may be removed from the active surface. Heating the surface above a supercritical point of a fluid being sensed may create a fluid that may serve to clean the active surface. Limiting the duration of the applied heating and/or pulsing the heating may mitigate adverse effects of use of high temperatures. A doped active surface, such as a doped diamond window may be designed to have conductive areas in the window that may be used for resistive heating of the window.

Abstract: A sensor for monitoring CO2 in a fluid regardless of the phase properties of the fluid, i.e., regardless of whether the fluid contacting the window is a liquid water-based phase, a liquid oil-based phase, a mixture of liquid water and liquid oil-based phases, or a gas phase. The sensor includes an internal reflection window for contacting with the fluid. A mid-infrared light source directs a beam of mid-infrared radiation into the window and the beam is internal reflected at an interface between the window and the fluid. The reflected beam is passed through three narrow bandpass filters which preferentially transmit mid-infrared radiation over bands of wavelengths corresponding to absorbance peaks of water, oil and CO2.

Abstract: A transferable value or rights token where the value or rights can be passed from entity to entity as required in a secure fashion. The value or rights passed in the tokens is held by the users in pockets directed by means of a controller device. The tokens are anonymous but the users need to be authenticated in order to gain access to their pockets. The tokens can be stored off-line and passed between users as required at which point the final receiver can go on-line to load or verify the token.

Abstract: A sensor for monitoring a hydrate inhibitor dissolved in a liquid. The sensor includes an internal reflection window for contacting with the liquid. The sensor further includes a mid-infrared light source for directs a beam of mid-infrared radiation into the window to provide for attenuated internal reflection at an interface between the window and the liquid. The internally reflected mid-infrared beam is passed through a narrow bandpass filter which preferentially transmits mid-infrared radiation over a band of wavelengths corresponding to an absorbance peak of the dissolved hydrate inhibitor to filter internally reflected mid-infrared radiation received from the window. The intensity of the reflected mid-infrared beam transmitted through the filter is measured and used to determine an amount of hydrate inhibitor ion the liquid.