Abstract: A digital representation of an object is formed. The properties of incident electrons are calculated from a parameterized source model and the irradiation of the object is simulated. The particle-matter interactions for a material of the object are calculated. The amount of absorbed dose at locations at the object is calculated. The digital representation of the object is modified in response to an input from a user and the modified digital representation of the object is displayed.

Abstract: A fragrance dispenser includes a housing having a socket portion defining a receptacle for receiving a bottle of fragrance therein. A decorative cover assembly is coupled to the housing and conceals at least part of the socket portion. The decorative cover assembly comprises an outer cover and a light source positioned between the housing and the outer cover. Various illuminated effects are created by the light source and cover assembly, including a neon-like effect, a twinkle effect, and a projected image effect.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating X-ray photons. The methods comprise: generating an electron beam; positioning hollow pedestals in the path of the electron beam (the hollow pedestals being radially spaced apart from each other and extending out and away from a major planar face of a base plate); generating X-ray radiation as a result of an interaction of the electron beam with target element(s) disposed at a distal end of a respective pedestal of the hollow pedestals; causing the X-ray radiation to interact with a beam shield comprising wall elements extending out and away from the major planar face of the base plate; and setting at least one of a beam shape and direction of the X-ray radiation by selectively controlling a location where the electron beam intersects the target element(s) to determine an interaction of the X-ray radiation with the wall elements.

Abstract: X-ray target element is comprised of a planar wafer. The planar wafer element includes a target layer and a substrate layer. The target layer is comprised of an element having a relatively high atomic number and the substrate layer is comprised of diamond. The substrate layer is configured to support the target layer and facilitate transfer of thermal energy away from the target layer.

Abstract: A digital representation of an object is formed. The properties of incident electrons are calculated from a parameterized source model and the irradiation of the object is simulated. The particle-matter interactions for a material of the object are calculated. The amount of absorbed dose at locations at the object is calculated. The digital representation of the object is modified in response to an input from a user and the modified digital representation of the object is displayed.

Abstract: Validation of a therapeutic radiation treatment involves using an applicator balloon surrounding an X-ray radiation source to support a plurality of X-ray sensor elements (XRSE). The XRSE are supported on the applicator balloon at distributed locations to sense applied radiation from the radiation source. At least one parameter of the applied radiation which has been sensed by the XRSE is compared to a corresponding parameter of a predetermined radiation treatment plan. Based on the comparing, a determination is made as to whether one or more requirements of the predetermined radiation treatment plan have been satisfied.

Abstract: X-ray target element is comprised of a planar wafer. The planar wafer element includes a target layer and a substrate layer. The target layer is comprised of an element having a relatively high atomic number and the substrate layer is comprised of diamond. The substrate layer is configured to support the target layer and facilitate transfer of thermal energy away from the target layer.

Abstract: X-ray target element is comprised of a planar wafer. The planar wafer element includes a target layer and a substrate layer. The target layer is comprised of an element having a relatively high atomic number and the substrate layer is comprised of diamond. The substrate layer is configured to support the target layer and facilitate transfer of thermal energy away from the target layer.

Abstract: A digital representation of an object is formed. The properties of incident electrons are calculated from a parameterized source model and the irradiation of the object is simulated. The particle-matter interactions for a material of the object are calculated. The amount of absorbed dose at locations at the object is calculated. The digital representation of the object is modified in response to an input from a user and the modified digital representation of the object is displayed.

Abstract: X-ray target element is comprised of a planar wafer. The planar wafer element includes a target layer and a substrate layer. The target layer is comprised of an element having a relatively high atomic number and the substrate layer is comprised of diamond. The substrate layer is configured to support the target layer and facilitate transfer of thermal energy away from the target layer.

Abstract: Three dimensional beam forming X-ray source includes an electron beam generator (EBG) to generate an electron beam. A target element is disposed a predetermined distance from the EBG and positioned to intercept the electron beam. The target element is responsive to the electron beam to generate X-ray radiation. A beam former is disposed proximate to the target element and comprised of a material which interacts with the X-ray radiation to form an X-ray beam. An EBG control system controls at least one of a beam pattern and a direction of the X-ray beam by selectively varying a location where the electron beam intersects the target element to control an interaction of the X-ray radiation with the beam-former.

Abstract: Validation of a therapeutic radiation treatment involves using an applicator balloon surrounding an X-ray radiation source to support a plurality of X-ray sensor elements (XRSE). The XRSE are supported on the applicator balloon at distributed locations to sense applied radiation from the radiation source. At least one parameter of the applied radiation which has been sensed by the XRSE is compared to a corresponding parameter of a predetermined radiation treatment plan. Based on the comparing, a determination is made as to whether one or more requirements of the predetermined radiation treatment plan have been satisfied.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method and apparatus for x-ray ionizing radiation control and ionizing radiation control. A digital representation of an inanimate object is formed. The amount of the radiation at a surface of the inanimate object is simulated. The radiation-matter interaction for a material of the inanimate object is calculated. The amount of energy deposited at a plurality of locations at the inanimate object is calculated. The digital representation of the inanimate object is modified in response to an input from a user and the modified digital representation of the inanimate object is displayed.

Abstract: An x-ray imaging system utilizes enhanced computing arrays. A plurality of x-ray illumination source positions are utilized to produce x-ray radiation at each of the x-ray illumination source positions and to project x-ray radiation towards an object. A detector detects x-ray radiation from the object and transmits detector images for each of the illumination source positions. A memory buffer stores the detector images from the detector. A graphics processing unit formats the detector images and constructs a complete frame data set with the detector images for each of the illumination source positions. Another graphics processing unit receives the complete frame data set and performs image reconstruction on the complete frame data set.

Abstract: Three dimensional beam forming X-ray source includes an electron beam generator (EBG) to generate an electron beam. A target element is disposed a predetermined distance from the EBG and positioned to intercept the electron beam. The target element is responsive to the electron beam to generate X-ray radiation. A beam former is disposed proximate to the target element and comprised of a material which interacts with the X-ray radiation to form an X-ray beam. An EBG control system controls at least one of a beam pattern and a direction of the X-ray beam by selectively varying a location where the electron beam intersects the target element to control an interaction of the X-ray radiation with the beam-former.