Abstract: Obtained is a gas generator that can control a size of rupture of a cup body to be stabilized while increasing a mechanical strength of the cup body.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for improving the appearance of skin are provided. The methods and compositions are especially suited for inhibiting activation of PAR2 in skin by utilizing a synergistic combination of a water lily extract and vitamin B3 compound. The method involves treating hyperpigmented skin by applying a skin care composition containing an effective amount of a combination of water lily extract and vitamin B3 compound to a target portion of skin over the course of a treatment period.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for improving the appearance of skin are provided. The methods and compositions are especially suited for inhibiting activation of PAR2 in skin by utilizing a synergistic combination of a water lily extract and vitamin B3 compound. The method involves treating hyperpigmented skin by applying a skin care composition containing an effective amount of a combination of water lily extract and vitamin B3 compound to a target portion of skin over the course of a treatment period.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of improving the appearance of skin with a low-pH skin care composition that contains hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) and a vitamin B3 compound in a synergistic combination.

Abstract: An improved method of treating a skin barrier condition is disclosed. The method involves identifying a target portion of skin on a person where treatment is desired and applying a low-pH composition to the target portion of skin. The low-pH composition contains an effective amount of a vitamin B3 compound and has a pH of less than 5.0.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for improving the appearance of skin are provided. The methods and compositions are especially suited for improving sallow-looking skin by enhancing bilirubin degradation in skin. The methods and compositions herein utilize one or more sucrose esters, which demonstrate a surprising ability to reduce bilirubin levels. The method involves applying a skin care composition containing an effective amount of a sucrose ester to a target portion of skin where a reduction in bilirubin level is desired.

Abstract: Low pH cosmetic compositions and methods for improving the appearance of skin. The low pH cosmetic compositions herein include a saccharide and, optionally, one or more additional skin care actives to improve the appearance of skin. The lower pH reduces or even eliminates some of the skin health and appearance drawbacks associated with saccharide induced glycation.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for improving the appearance of skin are provided. The methods and compositions are especially suited for improving sallow-looking skin by enhancing bilirubin degradation in skin. The methods and compositions herein utilize one or more sucrose esters, which demonstrate a surprising ability to reduce bilirubin levels. The method involves applying a skin care composition containing an effective amount of a sucrose ester to a target portion of skin where a reduction in bilirubin level is desired.

Abstract: A skin care product is provided. The skin care product includes a multi-component skin care composition disposed in a multi-chamber container. The multi-component skin care composition includes an aqueous carrier component and a nicotinamide riboside component disposed in separate chambers, which prevents these components from contacting one another prior to use. The aqueous carrier component and the nicotinamide riboside component can be separated from one another by one or more fluid impermeable dividing members and/or activatable elements, which upon activation enable contact between the aqueous carrier component and nicotinamide riboside component.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for improving the appearance of skin are provided. The methods and compositions are especially suited for improving sallow-looking skin by enhancing bilirubin breakdown in skin. The methods and compositions herein utilize a water lily extract that demonstrates a surprising ability to reduce bilirubin levels. The method involves applying a skin care composition containing an effective amount of water lily extract to a target portion of skin where a reduction in bilirubin level is desired.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for improving the appearance of skin are provided. The methods and compositions are especially suited for inhibiting activation of PAR2 in skin by utilizing a synergistic combination of a water lily extract and vitamin B3 compound. The method involves treating hyperpigmented skin by applying a skin care composition containing an effective amount of a combination of water lily extract and vitamin B3 compound to a target portion of skin over the course of a treatment period.

Abstract: A method of degrading bilirubin in skin is provided. The method involves identifying a target portion of skin where a reduction in bilirubin level is desired, and applying a vitamin B3-containing, low-pH composition to the target portion of skin during a treatment period. The composition contains an effective amount of a vitamin B3 compound, has a pH of less than 5.0, and reduces bilirubin level in the target portion of skin during the treatment period. The amount of vitamin B3 compound and the pH of the composition may be selected to provide a synergistic reduction in bilirubin level, as compared to the reduction in bilirubin level provided by the same composition at a neutral pH.

Abstract: Human skin tissue sample methods and models for identifying and screening test agents as effective for providing skin tone benefits, methods for validating hypotheses for mechanisms driving skin pigmentation as well as methods for driving skin pigment levels in ex-vivo skin tissue. The method includes contacting a cultured human skin tissue sample with a test agent, generating a transcriptional profile from the sample, and comparing the results to a control to determine if the test agent is effective for providing a skin tone benefit.

Abstract: A system for identifying hyperpigmented spots in skin. The system includes an image capture device for capturing an image of a subject and a computer for analyzing the image. The computer stores logic that, when executed by the processor, causes the computer to receive the image of the subject, receive a baseline image of the subject, identify a hyperpigmented spot in the image of the subject, and annotate the image of the subject to distinguish the hyperpigmented spot in the image. The logic may also cause the system to classify the hyperpigmented spot into a predetermined class, determine a product for treating the hyperpigmented spot according to the predetermined class, and provide information related to the product for use by the subject.

Abstract: Low pH cosmetic compositions and methods for improving the appearance of skin. The low pH cosmetic compositions herein include a saccharide and, optionally, one or more additional skin care actives to improve the appearance of skin. The lower pH reduces or even eliminates some of the skin health and appearance drawbacks associated with saccharide induced glycation.

Abstract: An improved method of treating a skin barrier condition is disclosed. The method involves identifying a target portion of skin on a person where treatment is desired and applying a low-pH composition to the target portion of skin. The low-pH composition contains an effective amount of a vitamin B3 compound and has a pH of less than 5.0.

Abstract: A method of degrading bilirubin in skin is provided. The method involves identifying a target portion of skin where a reduction in bilirubin level is desired, and applying a vitamin B3-containing, low-pH composition to the target portion of skin during a treatment period. The composition contains an effective amount of a vitamin B3 compound, has a pH of less than 5.0, and reduces bilirubin level in the target portion of skin during the treatment period. The amount of vitamin B3 compound and the pH of the composition may be selected to provide a synergistic reduction in bilirubin level, as compared to the reduction in bilirubin level provided by the same composition at a neutral pH.

Abstract: A method of generating a hyperpigmentation condition gene expression signature for use in identifying connections between perturbagens and genes associated with a skin pigmentation condition. The method includes providing a gene expression profile for a reference sample of human skin cells not affected with a pigmentation condition; generating a gene expression profile for a sample of human skin cells from a subject exhibiting the hyperpigmentation condition; comparing the expression profiles to determine a gene expression signature that includes a set of differentially expressed genes; assigning an identifier to each gene constituting the gene expression signature and ordering the identifiers according to the direction of differential expression to create one or more gene expression signature lists; and storing the one or more gene expression signature lists on at least one computer readable medium.

Abstract: A method of formulating a skin-lightening composition by identifying actives with a data architecture and incorporating the actives into a skin care composition. The data architecture can be used to identify connections between perturbagens and genes associated with skin tone. A gene expression profile for a control human cell is compared to the gene expression profile a cell exposed to perturbagen to identify the genes which are differentially expressed. The differentially expressed genes are analyzed and arranged into an ordered list of identifiers, which along with other instances create a data architecture.

Abstract: A method of constructing a data architecture for use in identifying connections between perturbagens and genes associated with skin tone. The method includes providing a gene expression profile for a control cell, generating a gene expression profile for a cell exposed to a perturbagen, identifying genes differentially expressed in response to the perturbagen, creating an ordered list of identifiers, storing the ordered list as an instance on a computer readable medium, and constructing a data architecture of stored instances.