Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a highly functional mediator capable of smoothly proceeding electron transfer between an electrode and a biocatalyst based on the premise that the mediator excels in safety and cost and to provide an electrode and a cell with sufficient amount of such a mediator molecule immobilized efficiently and strongly. The present invention provides a mediator mediating electron transfer between an enzyme and an electrode and containing a quinone molecule derivative, in particular, a mediator containing a VK3 derivative. In addition, the present invention provides an electrode and a biofuel cell to which those mediators are applied.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a novel method of immobilizing a protein and a protein chip, by which the protein can be immobilized at a high reproducibility while preventing the protein from inactivation without resort to a large-scaled apparatus and the protein can be immobilized even in a microchannel. Further, by using a cell adhesive protein as the protein to be immobilized, it is also possible to use a cell as a target and to provide a method of immobilizing a cell and a cell chip, by which a cell can be immobilized in an arbitrary region on a substrate.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a highly functional mediator capable of smoothly proceeding electron transfer between an electrode and a biocatalyst based on the premise that the mediator excels in safety and cost and to provide an electrode and a cell with sufficient amount of such a mediator molecule immobilized efficiently and strongly. The present invention provides a mediator mediating electron transfer between an enzyme and an electrode and containing a quinone molecule derivative, in particular, a mediator containing a VK3 derivative. In addition, the present invention provides an electrode and a biofuel cell to which those mediators are applied.

Abstract: An analyte and a reactant 3 that reacts with the analyte either directly or indirectly are allowed to react with each other on the analytical areas A of a substrate 1 and signals originating from the reaction are detected. In at least a signal detection step, either a signal generation-related portion 4x or a detector is provided in a portion that is opposed to the substrate 1 and high and low areas are formed in either the substrate 1 or the opposed portion or both in such a manner that the distance from each analytical area A of the substrate to the opposed portion is shorter than the distance from each of the non-analytical areas B of the substrate to the opposed portion, whereby signals originating from the reaction in the analytical areas A will be detected at higher intensities than signals originating from the reaction in the non-analytical areas B.

Abstract: A conjugated enzyme electrode comprising diaphorase and an amino-acid dehydrogenase immobilized on a conductive support by a polyfunctional aldehyde is disclosed, by which amino acids can be rapidly determined with high sensitivity.

Abstract: A method of preparing para-chlorotoluene by the electrolytic chlorination of toluene in an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride or a metal halide as an electrolyte by passing an electric current from a cathode to an anode, both of which are immersed in the electrolyte, in order to form an active chlorine species which then reacts with toluene to produce the desired para-toluene. The anode is made of a carbonaceous material having cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof bonded onto its surface. The toluene that is introduced into the aqueous solution of electrolyte is included as a clathrate compound within the cyclodextrin.