Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a plurality of nozzles to discharge a liquid, a plurality of pressure chambers communicating with the plurality of nozzles, respectively, a plurality of individual supply channels communicating with the plurality of pressure chambers, respectively, a plurality of common-supply branch channels each having a side face and a bottom face and communicating with two or more of the plurality of individual supply channels, respectively, and a common-supply main channel communicating with the plurality of common-supply branch channels. The plurality of common-supply branch channels includes a curved portion on a corner between the side face and the bottom face of each of the plurality of common-supply branch channels along a direction of liquid flow in the plurality of common-supply branch channels.

Abstract: A blood circuit having a pressure measurement portion connected to a pressure measurement device includes: a first measurement portion provided downstream of a pumping segment; and a second measurement portion provided upstream of the pumping segment. The first measurement portion includes: a first housing having a tubular shape; and a first flexible membrane having a tubular shape and provided in the first housing. The second measurement portion includes: a second housing having a tubular shape; and a second flexible membrane having a tubular shape and provided in the second housing. A space between the first flexible membrane and the first housing is larger than a space between the second flexible membrane and the second housing in an initial state before permitting the blood to flow.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element including a lower electrode, an electromechanical transducer film and an upper electrode formed on the electromechanical transducer film.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a plurality of nozzles to discharge a liquid, a plurality of pressure chambers communicating with the plurality of nozzles, respectively, a plurality of individual supply channels communicating with the plurality of pressure chambers, respectively, a plurality of common-supply branch channels each having a side face and a bottom face and communicating with two or more of the plurality of individual supply channels, respectively, and a common-supply main channel communicating with the plurality of common-supply branch channels. The plurality of common-supply branch channels includes a curved portion on a corner between the side face and the bottom face of each of the plurality of common-supply branch channels along a direction of liquid flow in the plurality of common-supply branch channels.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer includes an electromechanical transducer film of laminated layers including a perovskite-type complex oxide represented by a general formula of ABO3; and a pair of electrodes opposed to each other with the electromechanical transducer film interposed between the pair of electrodes. In the general formula of ABO3, A includes Pb and B includes Zr and Ti.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element including a lower electrode, an electromechanical transducer film and an upper electrode formed on the electromechanical transducer film.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for sterilizing a blood purifier, as well as a blood purifier package. The method is effective to decrease the amounts of extracts from the blood purifier attributed to the deterioration of the selectively permeable separation membranes with time during and after exposure to a radioactive ray or an electron ray, and is highly reliable in safety when employed for hemocatharsis therapy. The method for sterilizing a blood purifier which comprises substantially dried selectively permeable separation membranes as a main component, by way of the exposure of the same blood purifier to a radioactive ray and/or an electron ray, is characterized in that the blood purifier is sealed in a packaging bag, together with an oxygen scavenger and a humectant or together with an oxygen scavenger capable of releasing a moisture, and is then sterilized in such a sealed state by the above exposure.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes an actuator substrate and a holding substrate. The actuator substrate includes a plurality of individual liquid chambers and a plurality of pressure generating elements. The plurality of individual liquid chambers is communicated with a plurality of nozzles to discharge liquid. The plurality of pressure generating elements is arrayed to pressurize liquid in the plurality of individual liquid chambers. The holding substrate includes a plurality of recessed portions to accommodate the plurality of pressure generating elements. The holding substrate is bonded to the actuator substrate with an adhesive. The holding substrate has a plurality of openings as a plurality of channels communicating the plurality of individual liquid chambers with a common liquid chamber to supply liquid to the plurality of individual liquid chambers. At least one corner of each of the plurality of openings at least partially has a curved surface.

Abstract: Objects of the invention are to provide a blood purifier package which shows a less increase in the amounts of extracts from the materials of its blood purifier, particularly of its selective permeable separation membranes, attributed to the deterioration of the same materials with time after exposure to a radioactive ray or an electron ray, and which is therefore highly reliable in safety in use for hemocatharsis, and to provide a process for manufacturing the same. The present invention relates to a blood purifier package obtained by packing a blood purifier which comprises selectively permeable separation membranes as a main component, and this blood purifier package is characterized in that the blood purifier is packed and sealed together with an oxygen scavenger in a packaging material capable of shutting out an external air and a water vapor, under a condition of a relative humidity of above 40% RH at 25° C.

Abstract: The invention provides a blood purifier which shows a decreased amount of hydrogen peroxide extracted from its selectively permeable separation membranes, and thus is highly reliable in its safety in use for hemecatharysis. The blood purifier comprises selectively permeable separation membranes as a main component and is characterized in that the amount of hydrogen peroxide which is extracted from the selectively permeable separation membrane removed from the blood purifier after 3 months or longer has passed since the sterilization of the blood purifier by exposure to a radioactive ray and/or an electron ray is not larger than 10 ppm.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric material. The piezoelectric material is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and deformable with a voltage applied in accordance with a drive signal. The piezoelectric material is made of a composite oxide having a perovskite structure preferentially oriented in at least one of a (100) plane and a (001) plane. A drop in diffraction intensity is included in a rocking curve corresponding to at least one of a (200) plane and a (002) plane measured at a position of 2? where the diffraction intensity is largest at a peak of diffraction intensity corresponding to the (200) plane out of peaks of diffraction intensity measured by an X-ray diffraction ?-2? method.

Abstract: A blood circuit having a pressure measurement portion connected to a pressure measurement device includes: a first measurement portion provided downstream of a pumping segment; and a second measurement portion provided upstream of the pumping segment. The first measurement portion includes: a first housing having a tubular shape; and a first flexible membrane having a tubular shape and provided in the first housing. The second measurement portion includes: a second housing having a tubular shape; and a second flexible membrane having a tubular shape and provided in the second housing. A space between the first flexible membrane and the first housing is larger than a space between the second flexible membrane and the second housing in an initial state before permitting the blood to flow.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric material. The piezoelectric material is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and deformable with a voltage applied in accordance with a drive signal. The piezoelectric material is made of a composite oxide having a perovskite structure preferentially oriented in at least one of a (100) plane and a (001) plane. A drop in diffraction intensity is included in a rocking curve corresponding to at least one of a (200) plane and a (002) plane measured at a position of 2? where the diffraction intensity is largest at a peak of diffraction intensity corresponding to the (200) plane out of peaks of diffraction intensity measured by an X-ray diffraction 0-20 method.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes an actuator substrate and a holding substrate. The actuator substrate includes a plurality of individual liquid chambers and a plurality of pressure generating elements. The plurality of individual liquid chambers is communicated with a plurality of nozzles to discharge liquid. The plurality of pressure generating elements is arrayed to pressurize liquid in the plurality of individual liquid chambers. The holding substrate includes a plurality of recessed portions to accommodate the plurality of pressure generating elements. The holding substrate is bonded to the actuator substrate with an adhesive. The holding substrate has a plurality of openings as a plurality of channels communicating the plurality of individual liquid chambers with a common liquid chamber to supply liquid to the plurality of individual liquid chambers. At least one corner of each of the plurality of openings at least partially has a curved surface.

Abstract: A piezoelectric thin film element includes a substrate, a vibration plate provided on the substrate, a lower electrode provided on the vibration plate, the lower electrode including at least a platinum metal film or an iridium metal film, a piezoelectric film provided on the lower electrode, the piezoelectric film including a polycrystalline body, and an upper electrode provided on the piezoelectric film, the lower electrode being provided on an upper portion of a titanium oxide film formed on the vibration plate, the lower electrode including a platinum metal film or an iridium metal film formed on the titanium oxide film and conductive oxide formed on the platinum metal film or the iridium metal film, and the platinum metal film or the iridium metal film being a precise film.

Abstract: A method of producing an electromechanical transducer element includes forming a first, common electrode on one of a substrate and an undercoat layer; forming an electromechanical transducer film on the first electrode; forming a second electrode on the electromechanical transducer film; forming a first protective film on an upper surface of the second electrode, the electromechanical transducer film, and a side wall of the second electrode, and selectively forming a second protective film on a portion of the first protective film protecting the electromechanical transducer film and the side wall of the second electrode.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer includes a substrate; a diaphragm formed on the substrate; and a piezoelectric element that includes a lower electrode; a piezoelectric member; and an upper electrode, in which a lower electrode film to form the lower electrode, a piezoelectric film to form the piezoelectric member, and an upper electrode film to form the upper electrode are laminated in layers on the diaphragm formed on the substrate. The piezoelectric element is formed such that the lower electrode film, the piezoelectric member film, and the upper electrode film are patterned to form the lower electrode, the piezoelectric member, and the upper electrode, each of which has a desired pattern; and corners of the lower electrode are rounded.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer includes a substrate; a diaphragm formed on the substrate; and a piezoelectric element that includes a lower electrode; a piezoelectric member; and an upper electrode, in which a lower electrode film to form the lower electrode, a piezoelectric film to form the piezoelectric member, and an upper electrode film to form the upper electrode are laminated in layers on the diaphragm formed on the substrate. The piezoelectric element is formed such that the lower electrode film, the piezoelectric member film, and the upper electrode film are patterned to form the lower electrode, the piezoelectric member, and the upper electrode, each of which has a desired pattern; and corners of the lower electrode are rounded.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer includes a first electrode mounted on one of a substrate and a base film, an electromechanical transducer film mounted on the first electrode and made of a piezoelectric substance having a perovskite crystal structure, and a second electrode mounted on the electromechanical transducer film. The electromechanical transducer film includes a {100} plane preferentially oriented to be orthogonal to a thickness direction of the electromechanical transducer film and has a full width at half maximum corresponding to a {200} plane in an X-ray diffraction measurement curve in 2?-? scan that is measured by emitting an X-ray beam onto a surface of the electromechanical transducer film at an incident angle ?. The full width at half maximum is not greater than 10 degrees.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for sterilizing a blood purifier, as well as a blood purifier package. The method is effective to decrease the amounts of extracts from the blood purifier attributed to the deterioration of the selectively permeable separation membranes with time during and after exposure to a radioactive ray or an electron ray, and is highly reliable in safety when employed for hemocatharsis therapy. The method for sterilizing a blood purifier which comprises substantially dried selectively permeable separation membranes as a main component, by way of the exposure of the same blood purifier to a radioactive ray and/or an electron ray, is characterized in that the blood purifier is sealed in a packaging bag, together with an oxygen scavenger and a humectant or together with an oxygen scavenger capable of releasing a moisture, and is then sterilized in such a sealed state by the above exposure.