Abstract: [Problems] To provide a refrigerant which is obtained by mixing a refrigerant, dimethyl ether, and carbon dioxide and which has such excellent performances that it does not cause ozonosphere depletion, has extremely low global warming potential, and is safe and nontoxic. [Means for solving problems] The refrigerant composition for refrigerating machines contains 1-10 mol % dimethyl ether and 99-90 mol % carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a substance having an antagonistic effect on the binding of histamine to a histamine H3 receptor or an inhibitory effect on the activity which a histamine H3 receptor constantly exhibits. A compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (I) wherein R1 represents a phenyl group which may be substituted or the like and R2 represents a cyano group which may be substituted or the like, or R1 and R2 together form an aliphatic heterocylic ring which may be substituted; R3 represents a group represented by the formula (II-1) below; and all of X1 to X4 represent a carbon atom or the like: (II-1) where R4 and R5 represent a lower alkyl group or the like; and m1 represents an integer of 2 to 4.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing crystalline trans-N-[1-(2-fluorophenyl)-S-pyrazoly]-3-ox-ospiro[6-azaisobenzofuran-1(3H),1?-cyclohexane]-4?-carboxamide and novel salts, hydrates and polymorphs thereof.

Abstract: [Problems] To provide a safe, nontoxic, and high-performance mixed refrigerant for hot water supply/heating system which is prepared by mixing dimethyl ether with carbon dioxide and which does not deplete the ozone layer, has a low global warming potential, and permits low-pressure operation. [Means for Solving Problems] A refrigerant composition for hot water supply/heating comprising 1 to 10% by mole of dimethyl ether and 99 to 90% by mole of carbon dioxide on the basis of the total number of moles of dimethyl ether and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making spirolactone compounds analogous to formula I.

Abstract: A method by which a halogen atom of a halogen compound can be efficiently replaced with an electrophilic group. Also provided are: a reagent for converting a functional group through a halogen-metal exchange reaction, characterized by comprising either a mixture of a magnesium compound represented by the formula R1—Mg—X (I) (wherein R1 represents a halogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon residue; and X1 represents a halogen atom) and an organolithium compound represented by the formula R2—Li (II)(wherein R2 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbon residue) or a product of the reaction of the magnesium compound with the organolithium compound; and a process for producing with the reagent a compound in which a halogen atom of a halogen compound has been replaced with an electrophilic group.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making spirolactone compounds analogous to formula I.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making spirolactone compounds analogous to formula I

Abstract: Disclosed is a safe, non-toxic refrigerant mixture for heating/hot water supply obtained by mixing dimethyl ether and carbon dioxide which operates at low pressures while exhibiting excellent performance. This refrigerant mixture does not deplete the ozone layer, and has a low global warming potential. Specifically disclosed is a composition containing 10-80% by mole of dimethyl ether and 90-20% by mole of carbon dioxide based on the total mole number of dimethyl ether and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making spirolactone compounds analogous to formula I.

Abstract: A method by which a halogen atom of a halogen compound can be efficiently replaced with an electrophilic group. Also provided are: a reagent for converting a functional group through a halogen-metal exchange reaction, characterized by comprising either a mixture of a magnesium compound represented by the formula R1—Mg—X (I) (wherein R1 represents a halogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon residue; and X1 represents a halogen atom) and an organolithium compound represented by the formula R2—Li (II) (wherein R2 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbon residue) or a product of the reaction of the magnesium compound with the organolithium compound; and a process for producing with the reagent a compound in which a halogen atom of a halogen compound has been replaced with an electrophilic group.

Abstract: A method by which a halogen atom of a halogen compound can be efficiently replaced with an electrophilic group. Also provided are: a reagent for converting a functional group through a halogen-metal exchange reaction, characterized by comprising either a mixture of a magnesium compound represented by the formula R1—Mg—X (I) (wherein R1 represents a halogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon residue; and X1 represents a halogen atom) and an organolithium compound represented by the formula R2—Li (II)(wherein R2 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbon residue) or a product of the reaction of the magnesium compound with the organolithium compound; and a process for producing with the reagent a compound in which a halogen atom of a halogen compound has been replaced with an electrophilic group.

Abstract: A method by which a halogen atom of a halogen compound can be efficiently replaced with an electrophilic group.

Abstract: A shredder comprising a frame, at least two rotatable shafts supported in parallel by the frame, a plurality of cutting blades, each of the blades including a mount which is fixed to one of the shafts and has an outer peripheral side, and a number of tip pieces, each tip piece being fixed to the peripheral side of the mount, and a plurality of spacers mounted on each of the shafts alternately with the blades such that the spacers on each of the shafts are radially aligned with the blades on the other shaft.