Abstract: A pneumatic tire includes a shoulder land defined by a circumferential groove having a width of ?3 mm on a tread and width-direction grooves in the shoulder land. The width-direction grooves include lug grooves having a width at a position at a center of the shoulder land in the width direction of ?1.5 mm and a depth of ?50% of a maximum depth of the width-direction grooves on a circumference. Blocks defined by the lug grooves have circumferential lengths varying at the position. A maximum-to-minimum ratio of circumferential lengths of the blocks is ?1.2 and ?1.8. The number of blocks on the circumference is N, the circumferential lengths of the blocks are sequentially P1, P2, . . . , PN, the circumferential length of any block is Pi (i=1 to N), the number of blocks satisfying Pi/min(Pi?1, Pi+1)?0.95 is M1, the number of blocks satisfying 2Pi/(Pi?1+Pi+1)?0.95 is M2, an index R satisfies 0?R=((M1·M2)1/2/N)?0.2.

Abstract: Provided is an endoscope capable of operating a bending part with a higher degree of freedom while enabling a related-art operation of moving a pair of bending operating wires forward and backward. The endoscope has an insertion part having a bendable bending part; an operating part continuously provided on a proximal end side of the insertion part; a pair of bending operating wires inserted into the insertion part and fixed to a distal end side of the insertion part; a first bending operating mechanism that operates the bending part by moving the pair of bending operating wires forward and backward in conjunction with each other; and a second bending operating mechanism that operates the bending part by independently moving the pair of bending operating wires forward and backward.

Abstract: Provided is an endoscope allowing two operating methods, that is, a surgeon's own manual operation and an operating method using a hand other than the surgeon regarding a hardness adjusting operation. An endoscope includes an insertion part having a flexible part; an operating part continuously provided on a proximal end side of the insertion part; a hardness adjusting mechanism serving as a first driving force input member that is provided from the operating part to the flexible part and adjusts the hardness of the flexible part; an operating ring that is provided in the operating part and is manually operated and inputs a driving force to the hardness adjusting mechanism; and a shaft serving as a second driving force input member that is provided separately from the operating ring and inputs a driving force to the hardness adjusting mechanism.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a first flat surface formed at a distal end portion of an insertion part to be inserted into a subject, and orthogonal to an axial direction of the insertion part, an observation window provided at the distal end portion for allowing image light of the subject to be taken therethrough, with a surface of the observation window as a light incidence plane, a forceps outlet disposed on the first flat surface, a first illumination window provided at the distal end portion to irradiate a subject with illumination light, a second illumination window provided at the distal end portion to irradiate the subject with illumination light, a fluid jetting nozzle arranged at the first flat surface to jet a fluid toward the observation window and fixed at the distal end portion of the insertion part, and an inclined surface formed around the observation window.

Abstract: Provided is an endoscope capable of operating a bending part with a higher degree of freedom while enabling a related-art operation of moving a pair of bending operating wires forward and backward. The endoscope has an insertion part having a bendable bending part; an operating part continuously provided on a proximal end side of the insertion part; a pair of bending operating wires inserted into the insertion part and fixed to a distal end side of the insertion part; a first bending operating mechanism that operates the bending part by moving the pair of bending operating wires forward and backward in conjunction with each other; and a second bending operating mechanism that operates the bending part by independently moving the pair of bending operating wires forward and backward.

Abstract: Provided is an endoscope allowing two operating methods, that is, a surgeon's own manual operation and an operating method using a hand other than the surgeon regarding a hardness adjusting operation. An endoscope includes an insertion part having a flexible part; an operating part continuously provided on a proximal end side of the insertion part; a hardness adjusting mechanism serving as a first driving force input member that is provided from the operating part to the flexible part and adjusts the hardness of the flexible part; an operating ring that is provided in the operating part and is manually operated and inputs a driving force to the hardness adjusting mechanism; and a shaft serving as a second driving force input member that is provided separately from the operating ring and inputs a driving force to the hardness adjusting mechanism.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a first flat surface formed at a distal end portion of an insertion part to be inserted into a subject, and orthogonal to an axial direction of the insertion part, an observation window provided at the distal end portion for allowing image light of the subject to be taken therethrough, with a surface of the observation window as a light incidence plane, a forceps outlet disposed on the first flat surface, a first illumination window provided at the distal end portion to irradiate a subject with illumination light, a second illumination window provided at the distal end portion to irradiate the subject with illumination light, a fluid jetting nozzle arranged at the first flat surface to jet a fluid toward the observation window and fixed at the distal end portion of the insertion part, and an inclined surface formed around the observation window.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a first flat surface formed at a distal end portion of an insertion part to be inserted into a subject, and orthogonal to an axial direction of the insertion part, an observation window provided at the distal end portion for allowing image light of the subject to be taken therethrough, with a surface of the observation window as a light incidence plane, an illumination window provided at the distal end portion to irradiate a subject with illumination light, a fluid jetting nozzle arranged at the first flat surface to jet a fluid toward the observation window and fixed at the distal end portion of the insertion part, and an inclined surface formed around the observation window and arranged at a position that faces the fluid jetting nozzle.

Abstract: There is provided a bending portion for an endoscope and the endoscope which can prevent the piece fall of bending pieces without enlarging the diameter of the bending portion and raising the filling rate of built-in components in the bending portion. In the bending portion, one bending piece of adjacent bending pieces is formed so that a cross-sectional shape is, for example, an elliptic shape whose major axis direction or minor axis direction corresponds to a first direction. The other bending piece of the adjacent bending pieces is formed so that a cross-sectional shape is, for example, a circular shape in which a length in the first direction differs from the first bending piece; and an abutting portion in which their end portions facing each other of the adjacent bending pieces abut on each other in at least two points when the bending portion is bent.

Abstract: An endoscope including an operation part having a forceps entrance, a distal end part having a flat end surface, an observation window base part formed on the flat end surface of the distal end part so as to protrude distally from the flat end surface, an observation window disposed on the observation window base part, and a forceps exit disposed on the distal end part, a forceps being inserted through a forceps entrance protruding from the forceps exit. The observation window base part has a flat surface, and an outer peripheral shape of the observation window base part is inclined and connects the flat end surface of the distal end part with the flat surface of the observation window base part.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a first flat surface formed at a distal end portion of an insertion part to be inserted into a subject, and orthogonal to an axial direction of the insertion part, an observation window provided at the distal end portion for allowing image light of the subject to be taken therethrough, with a surface of the observation window as a light incidence plane, an illumination window provided at the distal end portion to irradiate a subject with illumination light, a fluid jetting nozzle arranged at the first flat surface to jet a fluid toward the observation window and fixed at the distal end portion of the insertion part, and an inclined surface formed around the observation window and arranged at a position that faces the fluid jetting nozzle.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a first flat surface formed at a distal end portion of an insertion part to be inserted into a subject, and orthogonal to an axial direction of the insertion part an observation window provided at the distal end portion for allowing image light of the subject to be taken therethrough, with the surface of the observation window as a light incidence plane, an illumination window provided at the distal end portion to irradiate a subject with illumination light, a fluid jetting nozzle arranged at the first flat surface to jet a fluid toward the observation window, and an inclined surface formed around the observation window and arranged at a position that faces the fluid jetting nozzle, wherein the distal end portion is formed with a second flat surface arranged on the distal end side of the first flat surface and parallel to the first flat surface.

Abstract: There is provided a bending portion for an endoscope and the endoscope which can prevent the piece fall of bending pieces without enlarging the diameter of the bending portion and raising the filling rate of built-in components in the bending portion. In the bending portion, one bending piece of adjacent bending pieces is formed so that a cross-sectional shape is, for example, an elliptic shape whose major axis direction or minor axis direction corresponds to a first direction. The other bending piece of the adjacent bending pieces is formed so that a cross-sectional shape is, for example, a circular shape in which a length in the first direction differs from the first bending piece; and an abutting portion in which their end portions facing each other of the adjacent bending pieces abut on each other in at least two points when the bending portion is bent.

Abstract: An endoscope including an operation part having a forceps entrance, a distal end part having a flat end surface, an observation window base part formed on the flat end surface of the distal end part so as to protrude distally from the flat end surface, an observation window disposed on the observation window base part, and a forceps exit disposed on the distal end part, a forceps being inserted through a forceps entrance protruding from the forceps exit. The observation window base part has a flat surface, and an outer peripheral shape of the observation window base part is inclined and connects the flat end surface of the distal end part with the flat surface of the observation window base part.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a distal end part having a round-chamfered outer peripheral edge, an observation window on an end surface of the distal end part, a nozzle which jets a cleaning fluid toward the observation window, and an observation window base part on which the observation window is placed, the observation window which is formed on the end surface of the distal end part so as to protrude from a surrounding area, and has an outer peripheral shape being formed into a streamline shape in a region facing the nozzle, with respect to a flow of the cleaning fluid jetted from the nozzle.

Abstract: In order to improve workability of an operation to adjust the interval between two members, leveling devices (3) support an air rail (2) on base frames (1), and adjust the height of the air rail (2) with respect to the base frames (1). The leveling devices (3) have: disc spring groups (31) which expand and contract in the height direction of the air rail (2) with respect to the base frames (1); a columnar indenter (32), in which a stepped through-hole (324) for inserting a bolt (4) is formed from one end face (321) to the other end face (323), with a first edge part (322) formed outward on the one end face (321) side; a columnar spring guide (33), in which a through-hole (334) for inserting the bolt (4) is formed from one end face (331) to the other end face (333), with a flange part (332) formed outward on the one end face (331) side; and a tubular housing (34) in which a second edge part (342) is formed inward at one opening (341) thereof.

Abstract: Provided is an endoscope which is capable of preventing liquid drops from attaching onto the vicinity of an observation window even in the case where the observation window is placed in the vicinity of a round-chamfered peripheral edge part. In the case where an observation window is placed in the vicinity of a round-chamfered peripheral edge part, the peripheral edge part in the vicinity of the observation window is round-chamfered in a manner that the radius of curvature (round-chamfer) becomes larger along with an increase in distance from a starting point, the starting point being the point closest to the observation window. With this feature, it is possible to prevent the liquid drops from attaching onto the vicinity of the observation window to thereby block the field of view.

Abstract: A gas supply and liquid supply apparatus includes a first fluid pipe which is provided in an endoscope, the first fluid pipe supplying a first fluid, a second fluid pipe which is provided in the endoscope together with the first fluid pipe, the second fluid pipe supplying a second fluid, and a confluence pipe which is provided in a substantially cylindrical distal end part of an insertion part of the endoscope. The confluence pipe includes a first communication part which is communicated with the first fluid pipe and has a bent shape, a second communication part which is communicated with the second fluid pipe and has a bent shape, and a confluence part in which the first communication part and the second communication part are brought together.

Abstract: Provided is an endoscope which is capable of letting a liquid drain off to a satisfactory level at the time of cleaning, while securing the degree of freedom of a layout. An observation window is placed on an observation window base part which is formed on a distal end surface of a distal end part so as to protrude from the surrounding area. An outer peripheral shape of the observation window base part is formed into a streamline shape with respect to a flow of a cleaning fluid jetted from a nozzle. With this feature, it is possible to block a liquid flow having a low flow rate from flowing on the observation window, and to allow the liquid flow which has been used for cleaning to promptly move to the outside of the observation window.

Abstract: In order to improve workability of an operation to adjust the interval between two members, leveling devices (3) support an air rail (2) on base frames (1), and adjust the height of the air rail (2) with respect to the base frames (1). The leveling devices (3) have: disc spring groups (31) which expand and contract in the height direction of the air rail (2) with respect to the base frames (1); a columnar indenter (32), in which a stepped through-hole (324) for inserting a bolt (4) is formed from one end face (321) to the other end face (323), with a first edge part (322) formed outward on the one end face (321) side; a columnar spring guide (33), in which a through-hole (334) for inserting the bolt (4) is formed from one end face (331) to the other end face (333), with a flange part (332) formed outward on the one end face (331) side; and a tubular housing (34) in which a second edge part (342) is formed inward at one opening (341) thereof.