Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member with suppressed positive ghosts, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer on the support; the photosensitive layer comprises (?) a compound represented by the formula (1), and (?) at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the formula (2) and a compound represented by the formula (3), wherein a content of the (?) with respect to a content of the (?) is 50 to 850 mass ppm in the photosensitive layer.

Abstract: A device includes a first interface unit connected to a first controller area network (CAN) bus, a second interface unit connected to a second CAN bus, and a control unit configured to identify, in a case where transmission of a CAN frame is started, a CAN bus detected to be in a dominant state first after end of arbitration from the first CAN bus or the second CAN bus, as a CAN bus to which a transmission source device of the CAN frame is connected.

Abstract: A connector system is provided with a first connector including a first transmission line, and a second connector including a second transmission line. The second connector includes a processing unit configured to perform an information transmission process of creating information regarding verification, and transmitting the information to the first connector. The first connector includes: a switch configured to, in a state where the first connector and the second connector are connected to each other, select whether or not to electrically connect the first transmission line and the second transmission line to each other; a verification unit configured to perform a verification process of verifying the second connector, based on the information received from the second connector; and a control unit configured to control the switch, based on a result of the verification process.

Abstract: A drive force transmission apparatus is mountable on a four-wheel drive vehicle switchable between a four-wheel drive mode that transmits a drive force of an engine to front wheels and rear wheels, and a two-wheel drive mode that transmits the drive force to only the front wheels. The drive force transmission apparatus allows adjustment of the drive force to the rear wheels, and includes a multi-plate clutch, a piston for axially pressing the multi-plate clutch, an actuator for axially moving the piston, and a control unit for controlling the actuator. Upon satisfaction of a predetermined condition that indicates a high probability of the vehicle needing to be switched from the two-wheel drive mode to the four-wheel drive mode, the control unit causes the actuator to displace the piston by a predetermined amount with respect to an initial position of the piston toward the multi-plate clutch.

Abstract: A connector system is provided with a first connector including a first transmission line, and a second connector including a second transmission line. The second connector includes a processing unit configured to perform an information transmission process of creating information regarding verification, and transmitting the information to the first connector. The first connector includes: a switch configured to, in a state where the first connector and the second connector are connected to each other, select whether or not to electrically connect the first transmission line and the second transmission line to each other; a verification unit configured to perform a verification process of verifying the second connector, based on the information received from the second connector; and a control unit configured to control the switch, based on a result of the verification process.

Abstract: In a four-wheel-drive vehicle, a hydraulic unit has an electric motor, to which a motor current is supplied from a control device, and a pump that is actuated by rotation of a motor shaft, and a drive force transfer device has a piston that is moved by the pressure of working oil discharged from the pump, and a friction clutch that is switchable between a transfer state and a blocked state, in which transfer of a drive force to rear wheels is allowed and blocked, respectively, in accordance with movement of the piston. The control device detects the presence or absence of an abnormality of a flow passage forming member, which forms a flow passage for working oil, in accordance with at least any of a motor current and the number of revolutions of a motor shaft at the time when the motor shaft is rotated by applying a voltage to the electric motor.

Abstract: A clutch apparatus includes a clutch hub, a clutch drum, a multi-plate clutch having inner clutch plates and outer clutch plates, a piston for pressing the multi-plate clutch, an electric motor, a moving mechanism for moving the piston in an axial direction in accordance with the amount of rotation of the electric motor, and a control unit for controlling the electric motor. When increasing a rotational force that is transmitted between the clutch hub and the clutch drum by increasing electric current that is supplied to the electric motor, the control unit moves the piston in the axial direction by temporarily supplying the electric motor with the electric current having a first current value that is greater than a second current value corresponding to a target rotational force that needs to be transmitted between the clutch hub and the clutch drum.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for detecting an attack, which includes a server and a plurality of vehicles capable of wirelessly communicating with each other. Each of the vehicles has a sensor, a sensor information acquisition unit, a traffic information reception unit, and a transmission unit that transmits the sensor information and the traffic information to the server. The server has a reception unit that receives the sensor information and the traffic information from the vehicles, a verification unit that verifies whether the sensor information and the traffic information are inconsistent with each other, and a notification unit that notifies, when the sensor information and the traffic information are inconsistent with each other, the vehicles of the inconsistency.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for detecting an attack, which includes a server and a plurality of vehicles capable of wirelessly communicating with each other. Each of the vehicles has a sensor, a sensor information acquisition unit, a traffic information reception unit, and a transmission unit that transmits the sensor information and the traffic information to the server. The server has a reception unit that receives the sensor information and the traffic information from the vehicles, a verification unit that verifies whether the sensor information and the traffic information are inconsistent with each other, and a notification unit that notifies, when the sensor information and the traffic information are inconsistent with each other, the vehicles of the inconsistency.

Abstract: A communication system includes a first communication device that determines, using identification information on a frame, whether to receive the frame, and a second communication device that belongs to a network identical to the first communication device. A report frame includes a detection of an attack on the network and target identification information that is identification information included in a frame used to perform the attack. When the first communication device receives a report frame from the second communication device, the first communication device sets the frame including the target identification information to be an authentication processing target. Upon transmitting a transmission frame set to be the authentication processing target, the first communication device transmits authentication information generated from the transmission frame along with the transmission frame.

Abstract: In a four-wheel-drive vehicle, a hydraulic unit has an electric motor, to which a motor current is supplied from a control device, and a pump that is actuated by rotation of a motor shaft, and a drive force transfer device has a piston that is moved by the pressure of working oil discharged from the pump, and a friction clutch that is switchable between a transfer state and a blocked state, in which transfer of a drive force to rear wheels is allowed and blocked, respectively, in accordance with movement of the piston. The control device detects the presence or absence of an abnormality of a flow passage forming member, which forms a flow passage for working oil, in accordance with at least any of a motor current and the number of revolutions of a motor shaft at the time when the motor shaft is rotated by applying a voltage to the electric motor.

Abstract: A drive force transmission apparatus is mountable on a four-wheel drive vehicle switchable between a four-wheel drive mode that transmits a drive force of an engine to front wheels and rear wheels, and a two-wheel drive mode that transmits the drive force to only the front wheels. The drive force transmission apparatus allows adjustment of the drive force to the rear wheels, and includes a multi-plate clutch, a piston for axially pressing the multi-plate clutch, an actuator for axially moving the piston, and a control unit for controlling the actuator. Upon satisfaction of a predetermined condition that indicates a high probability of the vehicle needing to be switched from the two-wheel drive mode to the four-wheel drive mode, the control unit causes the actuator to displace the piston by a predetermined amount with respect to an initial position of the piston toward the multi-plate clutch.

Abstract: A clutch apparatus includes a clutch hub, a clutch drum, a multi-plate clutch having inner clutch plates and outer clutch plates, a piston for pressing the multi-plate clutch, an electric motor, a moving mechanism for moving the piston in an axial direction in accordance with the amount of rotation of the electric motor, and a control unit for controlling the electric motor. When increasing a rotational force that is transmitted between the clutch hub and the clutch drum by increasing electric current that is supplied to the electric motor, the control unit moves the piston in the axial direction by temporarily supplying the electric motor with the electric current having a first current value that is greater than a second current value corresponding to a target rotational force that needs to be transmitted between the clutch hub and the clutch drum.

Abstract: A communication system includes a first communication device that determines, using identification information on a frame, whether to receive the frame, and a second communication device that belongs to a network identical to the first communication device. A report frame includes a detection of an attack on the network and target identification information that is identification information included in a frame used to perform the attack. When the first communication device receives a report frame from the second communication device, the first communication device sets the frame including the target identification information to be an authentication processing target. Upon transmitting a transmission frame set to be the authentication processing target, the first communication device transmits authentication information generated from the transmission frame along with the transmission frame.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for detecting an attack, which includes a server and a plurality of vehicles capable of wirelessly communicating with each other. Each of the vehicles has a sensor, a sensor information acquisition unit, a traffic information reception unit, and a transmission unit that transmits the sensor information and the traffic information to the server. The server has a reception unit that receives the sensor information and the traffic information from the vehicles, a verification unit that verifies whether the sensor information and the traffic information are inconsistent with each other, and a notification unit that notifies, when the sensor information and the traffic information are inconsistent with each other, the vehicles of the inconsistency.

Abstract: A control device for an electromagnetic clutch includes: a first switch that is connected to one end of an electromagnetic coil forming the electromagnetic clutch; a second switch that is connected to the other end of the electromagnetic coil; and a microcomputer that controls an on/off state of both switches. The control device further includes: a first diode having its anode terminal connected between the electromagnetic coil and the first switch and its cathode terminal connected between the second switch and an in-vehicle power source; and a second diode having its anode terminal connected to the ground and its cathode terminal connected between the electromagnetic coil and the second switch. The microcomputer stops power supply to the electromagnetic coil by turning off both switches.

Abstract: Each of ECUs counts the number of messages transmitted for each of CAN IDs. A transmission node that has transmitted a main message produces an MAC from a data field and the CAN ID in the main message and a counter value corresponding to the CAN ID, and transmits the MAC as an MAC message. A reception node that has received the main message produces an MAC from the data field and the CAN ID contained in the main message and the counter value corresponding to the CAN ID, and determines whether the MAC matches the MAC contained in the MAC message. By so doing, verification whether the main message is valid or not can be made. According to this configuration, message authentication by the MAC can be made without changing a CAN protocol.

Abstract: A method for producing a methanol solvate of D-tartrate of (R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-4-aminoindane, the method comprising steps (a), (b), and (c) below, and comprising adding water to a reaction system before step (c): step (a) of mixing 1,1,3-trimethyl-4-aminoindane, D-tartaric acid, and methanol to provide a mixture containing a methanol solvate of D-tartrate of (R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-4-aminoindane; step (b) of cooling the obtained mixture; and step (c) of retrieving the methanol solvate of D-tartrate of (R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-4-aminoindane.

Abstract: A control device for an electromagnetic clutch includes: a first switch that is connected to one end of an electromagnetic coil forming the electromagnetic clutch; a second switch that is connected to the other end of the electromagnetic coil; and a microcomputer that controls an on/off state of both switches. The control device further includes: a first diode having its anode terminal connected between the electromagnetic coil and the first switch and its cathode terminal connected between the second switch and an in-vehicle power source; and a second diode having its anode terminal connected to the ground and its cathode terminal connected between the electromagnetic coil and the second switch. The microcomputer stops power supply to the electromagnetic coil by turning off both switches.

Abstract: A rotation angle sensor outputs detection signals based on a rotation angle of a rotary shaft. The detection signals that are output from the rotation angle sensor include first to fourth detection signals that sinusoidally change with the rotation angle of the rotary shaft and that are different in phase from one another. Here, a phase difference between the first detection signal and the second detection signal and a phase difference between the third detection signal and the fourth detection signal are each set to 90°. In addition, a phase difference between the first detection signal and the third detection signal and a phase difference between the second detection signal and the fourth detection signal are each set to 45°.