Abstract: A high frequency module device of a thin type, high precision and high functions in which the size and the cost of the package may be diminished. The module device includes a base substrate (2) and a high frequency device layer (4). The base substrate (2) is formed by forming a patterned wiring layer (9) on a first major surface (5a) of a core substrate (5) molded of an organic material exhibiting thermal resistance and high frequency characteristics. The uppermost layer of the base substrate (2) is planarized to form a high frequency device layer forming surface (3). The high frequency device layer portion (4) is formed on the high frequency device layer forming surface (3) by a thin film or thick film forming technique and includes intra-layer passive elements, made up of a resistor (27) and a capacitor (26). The passive elements are supplied with power or signals from the side base substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of manufacturing an optical waveguide including core portions having a small surface roughness and also having highly accurately rectangular shapes without requiring a large number of the manufacturing steps, and an optical waveguide with a small propagation loss of light. The optical waveguide includes a substrate; a lower clad layer formed on the substrate; core portions formed on the lower clad layer; and an upper clad layer formed to cover the lower clad layer and the core portions; wherein the substrate is made from a material which is transparent to light having a specific wavelength, and the core portions are made from a material which is hardened by irradiation of the light having the specific wavelength. If the light having the specific wavelength is ultraviolet light, the core portions are made from an ultraviolet hardening-type material hardened by irradiation of ultraviolet light and the substrate is made from either quartz or glass transparent to ultraviolet light.

Abstract: An electro-optical element such as a light deflection element which allows high speed random accessing and can provide a large deflection angle and wherein a plurality of of functions can be integrated stably with a high degree of accuracy in a single element. The electro-optical element includes a ferroelectric substrate, electrodes provided on principal faces of the ferroelectric substrate, and function sections each having a polarization reversal domain formed in a predetermined shape in the ferroelectric substrate such that a light beam passes through the domain. The function sections may have a function of for converging at least part of the light beam, another function for diverging at least part of the light beam, a further function for deflecting a propagation direction of at least part of the light beam or/and a still further function for switching a propagation direction of at least part of the light beam, in response to a voltage applied to the electrodes.

Abstract: A wavelength converter having the light source formed of the semiconductor laser 1 and the nonlinear optical element 2, wherein, the oscillation light therefrom is incident to the nonlinear optical element 2 as an input fundamental wave, and the oscillation wavelength is changed by the very small variation current added to the injection current to the semiconductor laser so that the input fundamental wavelength to the nonlinear optical element 2 is changed and that the oscillation wavelength of the semiconductor laser is pulled in the input fundamental wavelength at which the wavelength conversion efficiency is the maximum.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic light-sensitive material is described comprising a support having thereon at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer, said silver halide emulsion layer containing a rhodium salt in an amount sufficient to increase a contrast thereof, and said silver halide emulsion layer or a layer adjacent thereto containing a compound represented by the following formula (I) or (II), and a process for producing a silver halide photographic emulsion containing rhodium salts is also described which comprises adding a rhodium salt into a silver halide photographic emulsion in an amount sufficient to increase a contrast before the conclusion of first ripening and adding a compound represented by the following formula (I) or (II) into the resulting emulsion after washing to remove useless salts ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.