Abstract: The present disclosure is related to WTRU sensing monitoring in wireless systems. The WTRU may receive sensing configuration information and perform first sensing measurements based on the sensing configuration information. The WTRU may transmit a first report based on the first sensing measurements. The WTRU may receive a request to activate an analyzing function, wherein the analyzing function may evaluate at least one key performance indicator (KPI) criteria. The WTRU may perform, after receiving the request, second sensing measurements to determine at least one KPI. The WTRU may determine, based on the at least one KPI, that the at least one KPI criteria is met. The WTRU may transmit, based on the at least one KPI criteria being met, a second report based on the second sensing measurements.

Abstract: A system and method for providing an Edge Sharing Service via a local connection is disclosed. This includes reserving resources for a locally connecting device responsive to a registration request from the device, discovering and connecting to at least one edge data network providing services required by the locally connecting device, selecting an edge application server (EAS) and service continuity method on behalf of the locally connecting device, and providing registration response to the device to allow the locally connecting device to access edge services over the local connection using the reserved resources for the device. This includes requesting Edge Sharing Function via an edge enabler client (EEC) registration and receiving an EEC response, authenticating and authorizing the device to access edge services, discovering edge services, providing the device with the address of the selected EAS, and configuring the required connectivity for the device to access the EAS.

Abstract: Enhancement of discovery and PC5 connection for PC5 based AI/ML is described herein. As will be described in greater detail below, a WTRU performs ProSe discover the other WTRU supporting PC5 based AI/ML splitting with consideration of supported AI/ML operation, the WTRU's capability. ProSe Discovery Code may be enhanced to include supported AI/ML model for the application using PC5 based AI/ML. The WTRU's capability information or class information of the WTRU's capability may be included for Discovery. Some of those information can be negotiated during or after PC5 Connection setup as alternative.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for establishing and maintaining a single PDU session with multiple terminal devices, such as for transferring a terminal function between two WTRUs or distributing the performance of a terminal function amongst a plurality of WTRUs. Additionally, methods and apparatus for SLA mapping for terminal function distribution are provided. SLAs for a single PDU session may be mapped among multiple distributed WTRUs based on the function demands for network slice selection. A set of devices running functions of the same PDU session may be selected and registered to the suitable slices based on their required SLAs. A network assisted function distribution slice selection function may serve over multiple slices in the 5G Core for an ongoing single PDU session among the chosen set of WTRUs.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments enable a non-3GPP device to be reached by a peer device when the non-3GPP device connects to a 3GPP network via a UE/5G-RG. The embodiments enable the non-3GPP to be temporarily associated to any network subscription. As the non-3GPP device is linked or unlinked from different UE/5G-RG s at different times,. The embodiments enable an AF and a peer node to subscribe to reachability notifications associated with the non-3GPP device. A 3GPP PCF enables device reachability notifications by updating a UDR/UDM and a NEF based on a connection status of an non-3GPP device.

Abstract: A first network node of a first network, the first network node configured to receive, from a second network node, a first authentication request to access, by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), a second network hosted by the first network; send, to a third network node, a first request to obtain an identification token; receive, from the third network node, a response to the first request; send, to a fourth network node, a second authentication request comprising information indicating an identifier associated with the WTRU, a network identifier and the identification token; receive, from the fourth network node, a response to the second authentication request comprising information indicating a first key in response to an authentication success; determine, based on the first key and network identifier, a second key to access the second network by the WTRU; and send, to the second network node, information indicating the second key.

Abstract: Based on the performance of an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AIML) model, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be instructed to collect and report data. The data may be collected and reported based on a DC profile, a DC endpoint, and a DC authorization policy. A DC session may be established and a DC session identifier may be associated with the DC session. The WTRU may be one of a plurality of members authorized to collect data. The plurality of members may be associated with the DC session identifier. The WTRU may send collected data to a network. The WTRU may include the DC session identifier when sending the collected data. Collected data may be used to develop a training dataset for an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AIML) model.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may comprise a processor configured to determine that a data collection configuration is not available from a direct data collection client (DDCC) of the WTRU. The processor may send a request associated with the data collection configuration to an application server, wherein the request comprises an application identifier, an indication of a user profile, and a protocol data unit (PDU) session identifier. The processor may receive the data collection configuration, wherein the data collection configuration comprises data collection policies that indicate conditions upon which the WTRU is to collect the data, and wherein the data collection policies indicate whether and where the WTRU is to send the collected data.

Abstract: A method addressing handover procedure failure or cancellation includes receiving, by a remote wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) connected to a source NodeB, a handover command to begin a handover procedure to establish a connection with a target NodeB on a network. A method may further include, on a condition that the handover procedure fails, transmitting, by a relay WTRU, a handover failure/cancellation indication to the remote WTRU and cancelling, by the remote WTRU, the handover procedure. A method may also include initiating, by the remote WTRU, a radio resource control (RRC) re-establishment procedure to connect with the source NodeB or a new NodeB.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to network assisted coordination for user equipment (UE) with multi-steer capabilities (e.g., DualSteer capabilities). A node of a core network may establish a multi-steer protocol data unit (PDU) session for a first UE and a second UE. The node may include a processor configured to determine a multi-steer ID for the first UE and receive a PDU session request from the second UE indicating a multi-steer session type. The processor may be further configured to retrieve the multi-steer ID for the first UE based on receiving the PDU session request and to associate the PDU session request with a session management function (SMF) of the core network based on the multi-steer ID. The processor may be further configured to send a request to establish the multi-steer PDU session for the second UE using the SMF.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for federated learning (FL) artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) implemented in a first security entity associated with a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU). A method may include: obtaining, by the first security entity, first information indicating security assessment data of the WTRU in a federated learning network; determining, by the first security entity, based on the security assessment data, an indication of a security vulnerability of a trained FL AIML intermediate model; sending based on the determined indication of the security vulnerability, by the first security entity to a second security entity associated with a network node, second information indicating the trained FL AIML intermediate model; and sending, by the first security entity to the network node, third information associated with a training of the trained FL AIML intermediate model.

Abstract: A user equipment, WTRU (401), may be provisioned on a stand-alone non-public network, SNPN. The WTRU registers with an on-boarding network, ONN (402). An indication that the WTRU is requesting to register with the ONN is received by a provisioning server, PVS (403), of the SNPN. An identifier associated with the WTRU is transmitted to the PVS. The PVS requests to subscribe to notifications related to the provisioning. For example, the notifications are sent/received via a network exposure function, NEF. A notification that the WTRU has successfully registered with the SNPN is transmitted (e.g., to the devices the requested to subscription notifications). After the WTRU has been successfully registered, the WTRU is de-registered from the ONN, and an indication that the WTRU has been de-registered from the ONN is transmitted (e.g., via the NEF).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for supporting artificial intelligence and machine learning operations in a 3GPP communication network are provided. A method may include receiving, by a WTRU, an indication of requirements and/or constraints associated with one or more WTRU applications. Based on the requirements and/or constraints associated with the one or more WTRU applications, the method may include determining one or more machine learning (ML) based analytics, data, and/or predictions to request from a network and/or internal WTRU ML modules. The method may then include transmitting, to the network and/or the internal WTRU ML modules, a request or subscription for the one or more ML based analytics, data, and/or predictions, and receiving a response or notification of the one or more ML based analytics, data, and/or predictions from the network and/or the internal WTRU ML modules.

Abstract: A method implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit, WTRU, for selecting a local network for the WTRU to join includes storing steering of roaming, SoR, information for a plurality of local service hosting networks, wherein the SoR information includes an indication of a priority order in a list of network identifiers, switching to an access mode for network searching, searching for a local service hosting network to join from among the plurality of local service hosting networks, and selecting a local service hosting network to join based on the indication of the priority order in the list of network identifiers. The method may further include updating the SoR information during any one or more of a periodic procedure or a mobility registration procedure.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to real-time quality of service (QoS) monitoring and prediction are described. A first QoS monitoring request indicating one or more WTRUs may be received from a server. A second QoS monitoring request may be sent, the second QoS monitoring request indicating a session to be monitored by a WTRU of the one or more WTRUs. A QoS monitoring response may be received, the QoS monitoring response indicating (i) the session to be monitored and (ii) performance measurement information associated with the session to be monitored. First performance measurement assistance information may be sent, based on the performance measurement information associated with the session to be monitored, and QoS report information may be received, the QoS report information indicating one or more QoS metrics measured by the WTRU in the session.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for user plane traffic gating based on energy cost. A policy control function, PCF, may be configured with information related to energy cost criteria or strategy. The PCF may be triggered, using the information, to obtain energy cost information from the network, e.g., from an energy efficiency control function, EECF. The PCF may use the energy cost measurement/information obtained from the EECF, and the energy cost criteria or strategy information to determine whether and which service flows need to be blocked. The PCF may include this information in one or more policy and charging control, PCC, rules that correspond to the service flows of interest, and may provide this information to a session management function, SMF, to further send corresponding one or more N4 rules to the user plane function, UPF.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to improved service continuity in connection with wireless transmit and receive units (WTRUs) not remaining within proximity/range of each other to continue device-to-device (D2D) communications are provided.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems for enabling and configuring a time-sensitive networking (TSN) centralized network/distributed user model in a wireless communications system are provided. For example, a method for wireless communications includes receiving configuration information related to forwarding reservation information to a centralized network configuration (CNC) entity, receiving one or more user requests based on the received configuration information, determining reservation information from the received one or more user requests, and sending, based on the received configuration information, the reservation information to the CNC entity.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method implemented in a first node, comprises receiving, from a second node, an application modification request message comprising first information indicating an identity, security and trust credentials of the second network node, and an resource modification descriptor; determining an edge resource descriptor (ERD) list based on the first information of the application modification request message; transmitting, to the second node, a resource allocation request message; receiving, from the second node, a message indicating success of the resource allocation request; transmitting, to a third node, an application descriptor modification notification comprising second information indicating an identity and credentials of the first network node, and the ERD list; receiving, from the third node, an application descriptor modification acknowledgement message, comprising third information indicating a modified ERD list; and transmitting, to the second node, an application modification response

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for adaptative WTRU reachability in a wireless network are described. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) includes a processor and a transceiver, which are configured to connected to a wireless network and send a first message, via the wireless network. The first message includes information indicating that the WTRU will not monitor a paging channel of the wireless network when the WTRU is in an idle state. The processor and the transceiver also receive a second message, via the wireless network. The second message includes information indicating a reachability strategy for the WTRU, which includes paging the WTRU via an alternate source when the WTRU is in the idle state.