Abstract: A first wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may trigger a proximity services (ProSe) discovery procedure indicating an application operation mode and/or ProSe capabilities. The first WTRU may discover artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) application assistance services. The Prose capabilities may include one or more AIML application assistance services associated with at least one of data storage, data processing, and/or data aggregation at one or more peer WTRUs and/or relay WTRUs. The first WTRU may generate discovery codes based on the AIML application assistance services indicated by the peer WTRUs and/or relay WTRUs during the ProSe discovery procedure. The first WTRU may select a second WTRU from the peer WTRU(s) and/or relay WTRU(s) based on the discovery codes. The first WTRU may trigger ProSe direct communications with the selected second WTRU to enable the first WTRU to connect to the second WTRU for providing the one or more AIML application assistance services.

Abstract: In a demanding wireless networking environment where access to interdependent different network services is required simultaneously, a coordination in the network supporting these different services is useful for improving the user experience when the access to these different services at a same time may cause resource conflicts. A WTRU may therefore indicate to the network that a dependency check may be required for a PDU session, in case configuration of a PDU session is to be coordinated with the configuration of other PDU session(s) in the WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to support provisioning domains (PvDs) in 5G networks are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a network entity running a policy control function (PCF), may send to a wireless receive and transmit unit (WTRU) at least one WTRU route selection policy (URSP) rule associated with, for example, PvD descriptors. For example, URSP rules may be configured e.g., as part of the subscription profile and PvD descriptors may be configured e.g., as part of a network-wide configuration. An application function (AF) may use a network exposure function (NEF) application programming interface (API) to access and, for example, update, e.g. through any of NEF and PCF, any of URSP rules and PvD descriptors. According to embodiments, a WTRU may participate in a data network access identifier (DNAI) selection by including a PvD ID in, for example, PDU session establishment messages.

Abstract: An application function (AF) or network exposure function (NEF) requests authorization tokens to access policy control functions (PCF) from network repository function (NRF) for each AI/ML cycle, and receives a token that authorizes the AF to manage the quality of service (QoS) policy for the next AIML training cycle. Upon token validation, the AF sends a request to the NEF to reserve resources for an AF session. Upon authorization, the NEF sends a discovery request message to a binding support function (BSF) to discover PCFs serving WTRUs of an indicated group for the next AI/ML training cycle in the request from the AF. The BSF sends a discovery response to the NEF that comprises a list of the PCFs serving the identified WTRUs. The authorization tokens for PCF policy management on each PCF for the next AIML training cycle are then requested from the NRF.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to analytics-based user plane optimization are provided.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), may receive, from a network, a first request for information associated with data collection and AI/ML model capabilities for performing a collaborative analytic service. The collaborative analytic service may be associated with an AI/ML model identified by an analytic service identifier (ID). The WTRU may send a response to the first request. The response may comprise the information associated with data collection and the AI/ML model capabilities for performing the collaborative analytic service. The WTRU may receive a second request to perform the collaborative analytic service using the AI/ML model identified by the analytic service ID. The second request may comprise AI/ML collaboration level information associated with the AI/ML model identified by the analytic service ID. The AI/ML collaboration level information may indicate how the AI/ML model identified by the analytic service ID may be configured and/or trained at the WTRU.

Abstract: Network slice-free procedures to request data connectivity resources by a WTRU (Wireless Transmit Receive Unit) are described. Methods include transmitting, to a network, a first non-access stratum (NAS) message including an indication of services the WTRU supports; receiving a second NAS message including a temporary address of an SMF the WTRU should use to establish data connectivity; initializing a timer based on the second NAS message; and triggering a registration procedure upon expiration of the timer.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are provided for enabling low-latency data collection and delivery in wireless communication networks. A network may configure a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to connect to a data collection and delivery network (DCDN). Upon occurrence of an event and/or receiving a trigger, the WTRU may trigger a procedure to connect to the DCDN. The WTRU may connect to a peer, based on a DCDN configuration received from the network. The WTRU may act as a publisher node in the DCDN that announces one or more namespaces, receives one or more subscriptions, triggers one or more measurements and/or sends more or more measurements. The WTRU may act as a subscriber node that subscribes to one or more data streams and receives the one or more data streams. The WTRU may act as a forwarder node that forwards one or more announcements, subscriptions and/or data streams.

Abstract: Method are disclosed for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to transition between a first wireless network, e.g., 6G network, and a second wireless network, e.g., 5G network, having different session management protocols. In one method, session management procedures are performed via non-access stratum (NAS) signaling that is carried in signalling radio bearers (SRBs) and then session management procedures are performed via application layer signaling that is carried in data radio bearers (DRBs) such that both types of session management procedures can relate to the same PDU session anchor (PSA) user plane function (UPF). The disclosed methods allow the WTRU to communicate via the same PSA UPF when moving between networks (e.g. moving between a 5G network and a 6G network) and consequently allow the WTRU to maintain the same IP address(es) when moving between the 5G network and 6G network. Various embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for establishing and maintaining a single PDU session with multiple terminal devices, such as for transferring a terminal function between two WTRUs or distributing the performance of a terminal function amongst a plurality of WTRUs. Additionally, methods and apparatus for SLA mapping for terminal function distribution are provided. SLAs for a single PDU session may be mapped among multiple distributed WTRUs based on the function demands for network slice selection. A set of devices running functions of the same PDU session may be selected and registered to the suitable slices based on their required SLAs. A network assisted function distribution slice selection function may serve over multiple slices in the 5G Core for an ongoing single PDU session among the chosen set of WTRUs.

Abstract: A wireless transit/receive unit (WTRU) may include a processor and a memory. The WTRU may be configured to send a registration request to a network. The registration request may indicate capability of the WTRU to support one or more artificial intelligence (AI) agents. The WTRU may be configured to receive AI-agent anchor information from the network. The AI-agent anchor information may indicate an AI-agent anchor residing in the network. The WTRU may be configured to establish a connection with the AI-agent anchor. The WTRU may be configured to send a protocol data unit (PDU) session request via the connection to the AI-agent anchor using a WTRU-side AI-agent. The WTRU may be configured to receive network-side AI-agent information corresponding to the PDU session request from a network-side AI-agent. The network-side AI agent information may include AI-agent ID and/or metadata associated with the network-side AI-agent.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for operation by a Radio Access Network (RAN) node are provided.

Abstract: Methods for access network exposure are described herein. A method performed by a first network node may include receiving a first message including an identifier associated with a radio access network (RAN) node, sending a second message to a second network node, the second message including the identifier associated with the RAN node, and receiving a third message from the second network node. The third message may include non-access stratum (NAS) key information associated with one or more WTRUs. The method may include receiving a fourth message from a requesting WTRU, the fourth message including an encrypted NAS payload and decrypting the encrypted NAS payload using security context information to obtain content of the fourth message. A fifth message may be sent to a destination network function endpoint based on the content of the fourth message. A sixth message may be received from the determined network function in response.

Abstract: A method for managing data collection (DC) sessions in a wireless network by a data collection function (DCF) is disclosed. The DCF monitors DC sessions using an abnormality detection mechanism and identifies issues based on notifications from application functions, wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs), or network functions. Detected abnormalities may relate to unmet application requirements, QoS/QoE violations, or predicted congestion. Based on predefined rules, the DCF determines and initiates corrective actions, such as modifying, pausing, or terminating a DC session. A configuration request is sent to the WTRUs, which respond with an outcome. The DCF then reports this outcome to the application function. Notifications may include metadata such as impacted locations, affected base stations, or QoS parameters. The method supports use cases including AI/ML model training and enables dynamic adaptation of reporting frequency, buffering, and retry behavior in response to network conditions.

Abstract: A method performed by a NF may comprise: receiving, from a TSR sender, a first request message including a TSRP of a task, wherein the task include one or more TSRs for processing by one or more TPs and wherein the TSRP indicates a TL-TR needed for processing the one or more TSRs; determining one or more candidate TPs; transmitting, to the one or more candidate TPs, a second request message including a request to process the one or more TSRs; receiving, from at least one of the one or more candidate TPs, a first response message including a TSR-PWP and a trust declaration; based on one or more trust declarations associated with the one or more candidate TPs, determining a FTPG; determining, based on the FTPG, one or more TSR sending policies; and transmitting, to the TSR sender, the one or more TSR sending policies.

Abstract: Various methods, systems, and apparatuses provide supporting, establishing, and/or managing a data plane (DP) in a network. The DP carries data between a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) and one or more core network functions (NFs) in a core network (CN). In that, one or more functionalities for establishing and/or managing one or more DP sessions may be configured in a new NF in the CN and/or an existing NF may be enhanced to provide the one or more functionalities related to the DP. The DP may facilitate transfer of data within the network when a data consumer and/or a data generator are within the network. An access and mobility management (AMF) and/or an enhanced AMF (eAMF) may facilitate the one or more DP sessions between the WTRU and the one or more existing (e.g., enhanced) core NFs and/or the new NF.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method, implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, comprises receiving a first message comprising first information indicating connection information with network functions of a network; generating a first communication key for communication security establishment with the network functions of the network and an identifier of the first communication key based on an authentication with the network; generating a second communication key of a first network function of the network based on the first communication key and based on the connection information; transmitting a request message to the first network function comprising second information indicating the identifier of the first communication key; performing a mutual authentication with the first network function based on the generated second communication key of the first network function; and performing one or more communications with the first network function based on the generated second communication key of the first ne

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to control throughput performance. In an embodiment, a service communication proxy (SCP) component comprises a programmable interface configured to transmit, to a wireless network element, a message comprising interface specification between a network function consumer and a network function producer.

Abstract: The device may perform actions associated with non-3GPP access. The device may receive a registration request (e.g., from a VVTRU), for example, indicating a first duration. The registration request may be sent via a non-3GPP access network. The device may send a registration response, for example, that indicates that the first duration was accepted. The registration response may be sent based on the reception of the registration request via the non-3GPP access network and the registration request indicating the first duration. The device may determine that the VVTRU is unreachable, for example, based on a determination that a second duration has elapsed. The second duration may be associated with or equal to an unavailability period duration associated with the registration request. The device may send a loss of connectivity report.

Abstract: A device (e.g., a WTRU, network device, such as a device comprising an access and mobility function (AMFi) may perform one or more of the following actions. The device may send a registration request via non-access stratus signaling. The registration request may include a first duration. The device may receive a registration accept message. The registration accept message may indicate whether the device is to inform the network entity when the WTRU is available. The device may determine that an unavailability event has ended. The WTRU may determine whether to inform the network entity that the WTRU is available. The device may send a registration update request, for example, based on a determination that the unavailability event has ended and a determination that the WTRU is to inform the network entity when the WTRU is available. The registration update request may indicate that the WTRU is available.