Abstract: This disclosure relates to network assisted coordination for user equipment (UE) with multi-steer capabilities (e.g., DualSteer capabilities). A node of a core network may establish a multi-steer protocol data unit (PDU) session for a first UE and a second UE. The node may include a processor configured to determine a multi-steer ID for the first UE and receive a PDU session request from the second UE indicating a multi-steer session type. The processor may be further configured to retrieve the multi-steer ID for the first UE based on receiving the PDU session request and to associate the PDU session request with a session management function (SMF) of the core network based on the multi-steer ID. The processor may be further configured to send a request to establish the multi-steer PDU session for the second UE using the SMF.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for federated learning (FL) artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) implemented in a first security entity associated with a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU). A method may include: obtaining, by the first security entity, first information indicating security assessment data of the WTRU in a federated learning network; determining, by the first security entity, based on the security assessment data, an indication of a security vulnerability of a trained FL AIML intermediate model; sending based on the determined indication of the security vulnerability, by the first security entity to a second security entity associated with a network node, second information indicating the trained FL AIML intermediate model; and sending, by the first security entity to the network node, third information associated with a training of the trained FL AIML intermediate model.

Abstract: A user equipment, WTRU (401), may be provisioned on a stand-alone non-public network, SNPN. The WTRU registers with an on-boarding network, ONN (402). An indication that the WTRU is requesting to register with the ONN is received by a provisioning server, PVS (403), of the SNPN. An identifier associated with the WTRU is transmitted to the PVS. The PVS requests to subscribe to notifications related to the provisioning. For example, the notifications are sent/received via a network exposure function, NEF. A notification that the WTRU has successfully registered with the SNPN is transmitted (e.g., to the devices the requested to subscription notifications). After the WTRU has been successfully registered, the WTRU is de-registered from the ONN, and an indication that the WTRU has been de-registered from the ONN is transmitted (e.g., via the NEF).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for supporting artificial intelligence and machine learning operations in a 3GPP communication network are provided. A method may include receiving, by a WTRU, an indication of requirements and/or constraints associated with one or more WTRU applications. Based on the requirements and/or constraints associated with the one or more WTRU applications, the method may include determining one or more machine learning (ML) based analytics, data, and/or predictions to request from a network and/or internal WTRU ML modules. The method may then include transmitting, to the network and/or the internal WTRU ML modules, a request or subscription for the one or more ML based analytics, data, and/or predictions, and receiving a response or notification of the one or more ML based analytics, data, and/or predictions from the network and/or the internal WTRU ML modules.

Abstract: A method implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit, WTRU, for selecting a local network for the WTRU to join includes storing steering of roaming, SoR, information for a plurality of local service hosting networks, wherein the SoR information includes an indication of a priority order in a list of network identifiers, switching to an access mode for network searching, searching for a local service hosting network to join from among the plurality of local service hosting networks, and selecting a local service hosting network to join based on the indication of the priority order in the list of network identifiers. The method may further include updating the SoR information during any one or more of a periodic procedure or a mobility registration procedure.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to real-time quality of service (QoS) monitoring and prediction are described. A first QoS monitoring request indicating one or more WTRUs may be received from a server. A second QoS monitoring request may be sent, the second QoS monitoring request indicating a session to be monitored by a WTRU of the one or more WTRUs. A QoS monitoring response may be received, the QoS monitoring response indicating (i) the session to be monitored and (ii) performance measurement information associated with the session to be monitored. First performance measurement assistance information may be sent, based on the performance measurement information associated with the session to be monitored, and QoS report information may be received, the QoS report information indicating one or more QoS metrics measured by the WTRU in the session.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for user plane traffic gating based on energy cost. A policy control function, PCF, may be configured with information related to energy cost criteria or strategy. The PCF may be triggered, using the information, to obtain energy cost information from the network, e.g., from an energy efficiency control function, EECF. The PCF may use the energy cost measurement/information obtained from the EECF, and the energy cost criteria or strategy information to determine whether and which service flows need to be blocked. The PCF may include this information in one or more policy and charging control, PCC, rules that correspond to the service flows of interest, and may provide this information to a session management function, SMF, to further send corresponding one or more N4 rules to the user plane function, UPF.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to improved service continuity in connection with wireless transmit and receive units (WTRUs) not remaining within proximity/range of each other to continue device-to-device (D2D) communications are provided.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems for enabling and configuring a time-sensitive networking (TSN) centralized network/distributed user model in a wireless communications system are provided. For example, a method for wireless communications includes receiving configuration information related to forwarding reservation information to a centralized network configuration (CNC) entity, receiving one or more user requests based on the received configuration information, determining reservation information from the received one or more user requests, and sending, based on the received configuration information, the reservation information to the CNC entity.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method implemented in a first node, comprises receiving, from a second node, an application modification request message comprising first information indicating an identity, security and trust credentials of the second network node, and an resource modification descriptor; determining an edge resource descriptor (ERD) list based on the first information of the application modification request message; transmitting, to the second node, a resource allocation request message; receiving, from the second node, a message indicating success of the resource allocation request; transmitting, to a third node, an application descriptor modification notification comprising second information indicating an identity and credentials of the first network node, and the ERD list; receiving, from the third node, an application descriptor modification acknowledgement message, comprising third information indicating a modified ERD list; and transmitting, to the second node, an application modification response

Abstract: A method implemented by a network device, including receiving analytic identification information Network Data Analytics Functions (NWDAFs) for Vertical Federate Learning (VFL) for an analytic identifier. Analytic identification information includes a VFL configuration identifier for the analytic identifier and a learning model (LM) identifier or feature identifier for the VFL configuration identifier for the analytic identifier. A candidate NWDAF for VFL training is determined for the VFL configuration identifier for the analytic identifier. A service response is sent and indicates the candidate NWDAF using a temporary identifier and the LM identifier or the feature identifier fort the VFL configuration identifier. A service request for VFL training is received and includes the analytic identifier, VFL configuration identifier, and VFL correlation identifier identifying the VFL training session between a VFL server and VFL client.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for adaptative WTRU reachability in a wireless network are described. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) includes a processor and a transceiver, which are configured to connected to a wireless network and send a first message, via the wireless network. The first message includes information indicating that the WTRU will not monitor a paging channel of the wireless network when the WTRU is in an idle state. The processor and the transceiver also receive a second message, via the wireless network. The second message includes information indicating a reachability strategy for the WTRU, which includes paging the WTRU via an alternate source when the WTRU is in the idle state.

Abstract: A network node receives a first service request, which includes service pattern information and a second service request. Further, the network node selects a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) reader from among one or more candidate WTRUs. Also, the network node determines a WTRU state management strategy based on the service pattern information and the second service request. Further, the network node transmits, to the selected WTRU reader, a third service request in a first radio resource control (RRC) message. Moreover, the third service request is an ambient-power-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) (AIoT) service request and includes the second service request. Further, the network node receives, from the selected WTRU reader, an AIoT service response in a second RRC message. Additionally or alternatively, the network node may forward the received AIoT service response to an AIoT function (AIoTF) node. Further, the first service request is received from the AIoTF node.

Abstract: Example procedures for managing wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) context are disclosed herein. A base station may receive, from a WTRU, a first message including a first payload, a second payload, and an indication of a service type. The base station may select, based on the first payload, compute resources to execute the indicated service type. The base station may send, to a network entity comprising the selected compute resources, a request message requesting the selected compute resources to execute the indicated service type, wherein the request message includes the second payload. The base station may receive, from the network entity, a first response message including an indication that a service of the indicated service type was invoked successfully, quality of service (QoS) configuration information for the base station, a context identifier, and payload response information for the WTRU. The base station may send the payload response information to the WTRU.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may comprise a processor configured to determine that a data collection configuration is not available from a direct data collection client (DDCC) of the WTRU. The processor may send a request associated with the data collection configuration to an application server, wherein the request comprises an application identifier, an indication of a user profile, and a protocol data unit (PDU) session identifier. The processor may receive the data collection configuration, wherein the data collection configuration comprises data collection policies that indicate conditions upon which the WTRU is to collect the data, and wherein the data collection policies indicate whether and where the WTRU is to send the collected data.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for reducing application instantiation delay and downtime are described herein. A method may comprise relocating an application function from a source Edge Data Network (EDN) component to a target EDN component. The method may comprise receiving an indication, and/or determining, based on at least one of a user mobility, resource optimization requirement, key performance indicator (KPI), or a failed relocation attempt, to relocate the application function. The method may further comprise performing a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment procedure toward the target EDN component. The method may further comprise determining, based on one or more received parameters for edge usage and capabilities, to relocate the application function. The method may further comprise sending, to a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) orchestrator, an indication that the application function will be relocated.

Abstract: A method implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) of provisioning the WTRU for communication in a temporary local network includes transmitting, to an onboarding network, information regarding a capability of the WTRU to communicate with the temporary local network. Configuration information for temporary local network provisioning is received from the onboarding network. A message identifying a provisioning configuration for use by the WTRU with the temporary local network is received from the onboarding network, using the received configuration information. A message is sent to the temporary local network using the provisioning configuration.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for secure policy provisioning includes receiving a network message including new policy information, a first policy message authentication code (MAC) generated by a network (P-MAC-N), and a policy protection counter (PPC). The WTRU generates a second policy MAC using a security key shared with the network, the new policy information, and the PPC, and verifies the integrity of the network message by determining that the P-MAC-N matches the second policy MAC. After the verification, the WTRU updates the previous policy information of the WTRU using the new policy information based on the match of the P-MAC-N and the second policy MAC.

Abstract: A vertical federated learning (VFL) server may send a discovery request to a network repository function (NRF). The VFL server may send a discovery request to a network repository function (NRF). The discovery request may comprise a VFL configuration identifier (ID). The VFL configuration ID may be supported by the VFL server. The discovery request may indicate that the VFL server is configured to discover one or more VFL clients. The one or more VFL clients may support the VFL configuration ID. The VFL server may receive a discovery response. The discovery response may comprise a list of one or more VFL clients that support the VFL configuration ID. The WTRU may select one or more VFL clients from the list of VFL clients. The WTRU may perform sample alignment on the selected one or more VFL clients.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for reporting of measurements. A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) may initiate a multi-access packet data unit (MA PDU) session establishment request, incorporating energy-aware access traffic steering, switching and splitting (ATSSS) capabilities and an indication of preferred energy-based user plane optimization. The session management function (SMF) receives the request and sends a session management (SM) policy association create to the policy control function (PCF). The PCF obtains an energy estimate report for traffic flows and QoS flows, for both access legs of the MA PDU session, uses the report to generate policy and charging control (PCC) rules, and sends these rules to the SMF, which derives ATSSS rules for the WTRU and N4 rules for the user plane function (UPF), that include energy aware traffic steering policies.