Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems for managing a connection state of a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) that is in Mobile Initiated Communication Only (MICO) mode are disclosed. One representative method may include the WTRU obtaining information indicating that the WTRU is to initiate registration prior to sending a Service Request (SR). The representative method may further include the WTRU sending a registration request in accordance with the obtained information and sending a SR after registering with a Network Entity.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for priority handling for ProSe Communications. A relay wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may act as a relay between the network and the remote WTRU. The relay WTRU may receive a temporary mobile group identity (TMGI) request message from a remote WTRU. The TMGI request message may include a TMGI, a ProSe per packet priority level associated with the TMGI, etc. The relay WTRU may receive an evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (eMBMS) data packet from a network. The eMBMS may be associated with the TMGI. The relay WTRU may apply the received ProSe per packet priority level associated with the TMGI to the received eMBMS data packet. The relay WTRU may relay the eMBMS data packet to the remote WTRU based on the ProSe per packet priority level. The relay WTRU may forward the eMBMS data packet to the remote WTRU via a PC5 interface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for supporting artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) operating are provided herein. A network node may receive a request to subscribe for notifications indicating consent provided by one or more wireless transmit receive units (WTRUs) to AIML operation supporting service enhancement. The network node may receive a registration request message including an indication that the WTRU provides consent to AI/ML operation supporting at least one type of service enhancement, and a service capability container indicating one or more service capabilities of the WTRU. The network node may send a registration response message indicating that a consent status associated with the WTRU is active for one or more applications. The network node may send a notification message indicating consent provided by the randomly selected WTRU to AI/ML operation supporting service enhancement for at least one of the one or more applications.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products to facilitate coordination between multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In certain embodiments, a Stack Data Analytics Coordinator (SDAC) may be provided in association with radio protocol stacks (e.g., 5G NR and/or Wi-Fi) at user equipment and/or network access points (e.g., gNB and/or Wi-Fi AP). The SDAC may coordinate requests and/or collection of information (e.g., protocol stack measurements and/or statistics) among entities of multiple RATs. In certain embodiments, Network Data Analytics Services may be enhanced by being extended beyond a core network, such as to user equipment and/or network access points.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses for protocol data unit (PDU) session management over different access technologies (ATS) are disclosed. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a first message from a network over a first access technology. The first message may include an indication for the WTRU to reestablish resources for one or more protocol data unit (PDU) sessions over a second access technology. The WTRU may determine that a PDU session of the one or more PDU sessions is locally deactivated by the WTRU. The WTRU may send a second message via the first access technology. The second message may include a PDU session status information element (IE) indicating the PDU session is locally deactivated such that the network releases the PDU session.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods and apparatuses for providing access to a network slice in a communication system. In an embodiment, a network server that implements a Control Plane (CP) Network Function (NF) may receive a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) message from a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU). The NAS message comprises a Mobility Management (MM) message for registration and a Session Management (SM) messages for a specific service provided by the network slice. After selecting the network slice, the network server may transmit the SM message to another CP NF in the network slice to establish a communication link between the WTRU and the network slice.

Abstract: A WTRU may initiate access for a PDU session over multiple access networks. The WTRU may register with two or more access networks. For example, the WTRU may register with a 3GPP access network (e.g., LTE Advanced) and a non-3GPP access network (e.g., Wi-Fi). The WTRU may determine to request a multi-access PDU session for a (e.g., at least one) PDU session. A multi-access PDU session may correspond to a PDU session where the WTRU communicates one or more PDUs associated with the PDU session over the 3GPP access network and one or more PDUs associated with the PDU session over the non-3GPP access network. The WTRU may receive a confirmation message indicating that a multi-access PDU session has been established. The WTRU may send uplink data over the 3GPP access network and the non-3GPP access network, e.g., in accordance with the established multi-access PDU session.

Abstract: Methods, protocols, systems and apparatus for the detection of violations of privacy rules for intermediate models in federated learning applications are described. One method may include receiving, from a network entity, a federated learning intermediate model, training the federated learning intermediate model using a training data set unique to the WTRU to generate a trained federated learning intermediate model, and determining, based on one more rules associated with a location of the WTRU, whether any one or more of the trained federated learning intermediate model and the training data set indicate one or more privacy violations. Based on whether any one or more of the trained federated learning intermediate model and the training data set indicate one or more privacy violations, the method may include transmitting a message or information to the network entity.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for supporting artificial intelligence and machine learning operations in a 3GPP communication network are provided. A method may include receiving, by a WTRU, an indication of requirements and/or constraints associated with one or more WTRU applications. Based on the requirements and/or constraints associated with the one or more WTRU applications, the method may include determining one or more machine learning (ML) based analytics, data, and/or predictions to request from a network and/or internal WTRU ML modules. The method may then include transmitting, to the network and/or the internal WTRU ML modules, a request or subscription for the one or more ML based analytics, data, and/or predictions, and receiving a response or notification of the one or more ML based analytics, data, and/or predictions from the network and/or the internal WTRU ML modules.

Abstract: In an implementation, a second device, for example a second WTRU, may receive a Link Modification Request (LMR) message from a first device, for example a first WTRU, via a first relay. The LMR message may include one or more new MSBs for a new Key NR ProSe identifier (KNRP ID). The second WTRU may send a link modification accept (LMA) message to the first WTRU via the first relay. The LMA message may include one or more new LSBs for the new KNRP ID. The second WTRU may form the new KNRP ID by combining the one or more new MSBs with the one or more new LSBs and replacing an existing KNRP ID with the new KNRP ID. The second WTRU may also receive a direct connection request (DCR) message from the first WTRU via a second relay. The DCR message may include the new KNRP ID.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to analytics-based user plane optimization are provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for supporting a two-stage device-to-device (D2D) discovery using a D2D interworking function (IWF). A D2D IWF component may be configured to perform mapping between an application running on an application server and a third generation partnership project (3GPP) network, and provide a set of application programming interfaces (APIs) to allow discovery to be provided as a service to D2D applications. An application identifier may be mapped to a 3GPP identifier. Further, a method and apparatus are described for performing client-server discovery. A first wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured for a listen-only operation, and a second WTRU may be configured to transmit beacons. The first and second WTRUs may perform a radio access network (RAN) discovery procedure at an access stratum (AS) layer. A method and apparatus for performing charging for D2D service using a D2D IWF are also described.

Abstract: A network node may receive a message indicating one or more analytics parameters to be provided to a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). The information may indicate a method for the network to provide the analytics information to the WTRU. The network node may determine whether to send the analytics information to the WTRU via a control plane or a user plane based on a reporting mode indicated in the message. The network node may send the analytics information to the WTRU via the control plane using a non-access stratum message if the network node determines to send the analytics information via the control plane. The network node may send the analytics information to the WTRU via one or more of a user plane function or an application function if the network node determines to send the analytics information via the user plane.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to determine slice availability in tracking areas (TAs) of a registration area (RA). In a representative example, the WTRU may use determined slice availability to detect changes in slice availability among different TAs. For example, the WTRU may move from a first TA of a RA where access to a first slice is unavailable to a second TA of the RA where access to the first slice is available. The WTRU may receive information during a registration procedure in the first TA that indicates the first slice is available in less than all TAs of the RA. Upon moving to the second TA, the WTRU may (e.g., again) perform a registration procedure in the second TA of the RA in order to access the first slice in the second TA.

Abstract: A method for setting up a multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) device-to-device (D2D) communication is disclosed. An application function (AF) in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may identify a group of multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) capable WTRUs to a policy control function (PCF), wherein one or more multi-RAT capable WTRUs of the group of multi-RAT capable WTRUs register as having enhanced device-to-device (ED2D) functionality. The AF may select a multi-RAT capable WTRU from the group of multi-RAT capable WTRUs having ED2D functionality, as a relay for extended D2D operation. The device with ED2D function will act as Relay for ED2D (RED2D). The PCF may then reconfigure the RED2D with group related information. The RED2D may then configure D2D communication among the group of multi-RAT capable WTRUs.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for multi-modal communication including multiple user devices are described. A network node receives a first request for a first set of network slices requested by a first Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit, WTRU, the first request associated with a service identifier, receives a second request for a second set of network slices requested by a second WTRU, the second request associated with the service identifier, wherein the first and second sets of network slices collectively comprise at least two different types of network slices, determines a set of instances corresponding to the requested network slices, and transmits, to at least one further network node, information indicative of the instances respectively corresponding to the network slices of the first and second sets of network slices.

Abstract: A method for slice authentication in a mobile telephone network. A WTRU performs, during a registration procedure with an Access and Mobility management Function, AMF, of a network, primary authentication of the WTRU, during which registration procedure the WTRU receives from the AMF a message indicating successful registration and including at least one of an indication of at least one network slice-specific authentication and authorization for slice access, SSSA, procedure to be executed following the registration procedure, a list of slices for which the WTRU is allowed access, and a list of slices for which SSSA is needed for access by the WTRU, and performs, after successful registration, at least one SSSA of the WTRU for accessing a first slice in the network.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for federated learning (FL) artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) implemented in a first security entity associated with a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU), the method comprising: obtaining, by the first security entity, first information indicating security assessment data of the WTRU in a federated learning network; determining, by the first security entity, based on the security assessment data, an indication of a security vulnerability of a trained FL AIML intermediate model; sending based on the determined indication of the security vulnerability, by the first security entity to a second security entity associated with a network node, second information indicating the trained FL AIML intermediate model; and sending, by the first security entity to the network node, third information associated with a training of the trained FL AIML.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), comprising a memory, and a processor to execute instructions from the memory, wherein the processor is configured to access a non-3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Access Network (AN), establish a link with a Non-3GPP Interworking Function (N3IWF) via the non-3GPP AN, request information from the N3IWF about network slicing capabilities of a 3GPP Radio Access Network (RAN), receive information from the N3IWF about network slicing capabilities of the 3GPP RAN, and determine whether to register with the 3GPP RAN based upon the network slicing capabilities of the 3GPP RAN. Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described for sending information about network slicing capabilities of a 3GPP RAN to a N3IWF, establishing a link between a WTRU operating on a non-3GPP AN and the N3IWF via the non-3GPP AN, and sending information from the N3IWF to the WTRU about network slicing capabilities of the 3GPP RAN.

Abstract: A method of supporting VM migration between a first WTRU and a second WTRU via a 5GLAN is disclosed. The first WTRU is a host of a VM and the second WTRU connects to the 5GLAN. The method comprises that the second WTRU receives the VM migrated from the first WTRU, wherein a tenant system interface (TSI) ID is associated with the VM; sends a PDU session request message to a session management function (SMF) of the 5GLAN, the PDU session request message comprising the TSI ID; and sneds a PDU session response message from the SMF so as to establish a PDU session between the second WTRU and the 5GLAN.