Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i). fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: In analyzing radiation from a sample, single-quanta counting can be used to advantage especially at low levels of radiation energy, e.g. in the detection of fluorescent radiation. Preferred detection techniques include methods in which (i) fluorescence-stimulating radiation is intensity-modulated in accordance with a preselected code, (ii) wherein it is the fluorescent radiation which is intensity-modulated with the preselected code, and (iii) wherein modulation with a preselected code is applied to a sample to influence a property which functionally affects emitted fluorescent radiation. For registration of the signals from a sensing element of a single-photon detector, time of arrival is recorded, optionally in conjunction with registration of time intervals. Advantageously, in the interest of minimizing the number of pulses missed due to close temporal spacing of pulses, D-triggers can be included in counting circuitry.

Abstract: The development of the network structure and the basic modules of an automated 4-color DNA sequencing apparatus comprising more than one thousand capillary electrophoresis lanes is disclosed. The basic modules represent small 32-lane units based on multicolor excitation of fluorescent labels and single-photon detection. The individual units operate asynchronously, controlled by a network computer. Excitation of fluorescence is done with low-power illumination via a fiber-optic network.

Abstract: A novel method of spatial compression of a DNA sample inside the capillary for the gel capillary electrophoresis and an article for operating the method are disclosed. In this method, after the electrokinetic injection, the sample is compressed using the reverse electric field. A special DNA barrier material is used to contain the sample in the capillary. We expect that this Electro Static Compression (ESC) can increase the DNA concentration in the capillary by orders of magnitude. In the proposed method and article the injection and compression of the DNA sample are followed by subsequent electrophoretic separation in any kind of sequencing container (for instance glass capillary). The use of the ESC method will allow the increase of the length and the quality of the read, as well as reduction of the DNA consumption.

Abstract: A multichannel electrophoretic cassette structure is disclosed comprising distinct regions for loading and detection with different spacing between channels. A method and an apparatus are further disclosed enabling multicolor fluorescent detection from a non-coplanar bundle of multiple channels. A method for fabricating monolithic multichannel cassettes for electrophoresis and fluorescent detection is also described.

Abstract: For multicolor fluorescence detection or spectroscopy with low signal-to-noise ratio and rapid readout, signals from multiple sensors are combined in analog form so that only one signal per fluorescent response needs to be read from a sensor array. The contributions of sensors in the array to a given output signal are programmable, for exclusive selection of the desired information. As the contributions of sensors to output signals are electronically programmed, the energy of the light source can be filtered electronically. Such devices can be programmed in real time for adaptive measurements.

Abstract: The present invention is a unique method for identifying the presence, and preferably the identity, of a fluorophore by optically stimulating one or more fluorophores with an optical signal which has been modulated in intensity in the time domain. The stimulated fluorophore produces a resulting fluorescence which is demodulated to produce an electrical signal corresponding to the intensity modulation of the fluorescence. Finally, the electrical signal is compared to the modulation of the optical signal to determine whether or not the fluorophore is present. The present method can be used alone or in conjunction with known methods of optically analyzing fluorescence of fluorophores to determine the presence of fluorophores.