Abstract: Switching of particular inputs in a signal processing channel permits an independent evaluation of that signal processing channel, in a system where there are at least two signal processing channels, one of which is able to be calibrated while the other of which is measuring current in a shunt. Switching a controlled current through a shunt, the controlled current being small in value compared with an overall current being measured, permits yet another independent evaluation of the shunt.

Abstract: Wide deployment of high voltage battery systems in traction, industrial and renewable energy installations is raising the concerns for human safety. Exposure to hazardous high voltages may occur due to deterioration of insulation materials or by accidental events. It is thus important to monitor for such faults and being able to provide timely warnings to affected persons. For this purpose it has become mandatory for electrified passenger vehicles (CFR 571.305) to maintain high isolation values which can be continuously monitored by electrical isolation monitoring devices. The task of monitoring isolation resistance within the electrically noisy car environment is not a trivial task and the solution to this problem has become quickly a field of research and innovation for all affected industries.

Abstract: Wide deployment of high voltage battery systems in traction, industrial and renewable energy installations is raising the concerns for human safety. Exposure to hazardous high voltages may occur due to deterioration of insulation materials or by accidental events. It is thus important to monitor for such faults and being able to provide timely warnings to affected persons. For this purpose it has become mandatory for electrified passenger vehicles (CFR 571.305) to maintain high isolation values which can be continuously monitored by electrical isolation monitoring devices. The task of monitoring isolation resistance within the electrically noisy car environment is not a trivial task and the solution to this problem has become quickly a field of research and innovation for all affected industries.

Abstract: Wide deployment of high voltage battery systems in traction, industrial and renewable energy installations is raising the concerns for human safety. Exposure to hazardous high voltages may occur due to deterioration of insulation materials or by accidental events. It is thus important to monitor for such faults and being able to provide timely warnings to affected persons. For this purpose it has become mandatory for electrified passenger vehicles (CFR 571.305) to maintain high isolation values which can be continuously monitored by electrical isolation monitoring devices. The task of monitoring isolation resistance within the electrically noisy car environment is not a trivial task and the solution to this problem has become quickly a field of research and innovation for all affected industries.

Abstract: An apparatus and method make use of a single shunt and two or more instrumentation amplifiers, switchably measuring voltages at the shunt. This permits current measurement. At times each instrumentation amplifier has its input shorted, which permits zeroing out many sources of offset in the signal path of that amplifier. Dynamic range is several orders of magnitude better than known current measurement approaches, permitting coulometry.

Abstract: A method and a system are shown for attachment of leads for the electrical sensing of the voltage on conductive structures; connections attached per this invention have the valuable property of very low thermoelectric errors (due to Seebeck effect), among several other beneficial properties. The described method can be applied in the factory setting as well as in the field. This system is especially suitable for applications with high-precision resistive shunts utilized in the measurements of the electric current.

Abstract: A method and a system are shown for attachment of leads for the electrical sensing of the voltage on conductive structures; connections attached per this invention have the valuable property of very low thermoelectric errors (due to Seebeck effect), among several other beneficial properties. The described method can be applied in the factory setting as well as in the field. This system is especially suitable for applications with high-precision resistive shunts utilized in the measurements of the electric current.

Abstract: Methods and circuits for reduction of errors in a current shunt are disclosed, for example sensing lines for Kelvin sensing in which the sensing lines are of identical material to the high-resistance portions of the shunt, and welded thereto. This allows application of a current shunt with lower output voltage and thus lower power losses than the contemporary art implementations, while maintaining high accuracy with regard to temperature changes.

Abstract: An apparatus and method make use of a single shunt and two or more instrumentation amplifiers, switchably measuring voltages at the shunt. This permits current measurement. At times each instrumentation amplifier has its input shorted, which permits zeroing out many sources of offset in the signal path of that amplifier. Dynamic range is several orders of magnitude better than known current measurement approaches, permitting coulometry.

Abstract: A topology is described in which each pair of cells in a string shares a single inductor. Switches permit the single inductor to selectively charge one or the other of the cells. In a variant of the topology, the inductor together with additional switches permit selectively charging multiple cells simultaneously (even one or both cells simultaneously in a pair of cells), drawing upon either an external energy source or upon one or multiple other cells in the string. In this way the number of inductors is minimized while providing isolation among the charging circuits.

Abstract: An apparatus and method make use of a single shunt and two or more instrumentation amplifiers, switchably measuring voltages at the shunt. This permits current measurement. At times each instrumentation amplifier has its input shorted, which permits zeroing out many sources of offset in the signal path of that amplifier. Dynamic range is several orders of magnitude better than known current measurement approaches, permitting coulometry.

Abstract: An apparatus and method make use of a single shunt and two or more instrumentation amplifiers, switchably measuring voltages at the shunt. This permits current measurement. At times each instrumentation amplifier has its input shorted, which permits zeroing out many sources of offset in the signal path of that amplifier. Dynamic range is several orders of magnitude better than known current measurement approaches, permitting coulometry.

Abstract: What is described is a battery management architecture that eliminates previously described problems of the previous solutions and compensates for the extra cost of a cell-balancing circuit. These advantages are achieved by integrating the voltage step-up and balancing functions as well as charging functions inside a single converter topology. Instead of providing the entire output voltage and power, the converter in this configuration is merely assisting the battery by providing a portion of the power delivered to the load, rather than the entirety of the power delivered to the load. This portion of power is proportional to the difference between the output and the battery pack voltages.

Abstract: What is described is a battery management architecture that eliminates previously described problems of the previous solutions and compensates for the extra cost of a cell-balancing circuit. These advantages are achieved by integrating the voltage step-up and balancing functions as well as charging functions inside a single converter topology. Instead of providing the entire output voltage and power, the converter in this configuration is merely assisting the battery by providing a portion of the power delivered to the load, rather than the entirety of the power delivered to the load. This portion of power is proportional to the difference between the output and the battery pack voltages.

Abstract: A topology is described in which each pair of cells in a string shares a single inductor. Switches permit the single inductor to selectively charge one or the other of the cells. In a variant of the topology, the inductor together with additional switches permit selectively charging multiple cells simultaneously (even one or both cells simultaneously in a pair of cells), drawing upon either an external energy source or upon one or multiple other cells in the string. In this way the number of inductors is minimized while providing isolation among the charging circuits.

Abstract: Methods and circuits for reduction of errors in a current shunt are disclosed, for example sensing lines for Kelvin sensing in which the sensing lines are of identical material to the high-resistance portions of the shunt, and welded thereto. This allows application of a current shunt with lower output voltage and thus lower power losses than the contemporary art implementations, while maintaining high accuracy with regard to temperature changes.

Abstract: A method, an algorithm, and circuits for implementation of a high-accuracy voltage divider are described that include a capability of fault detection. The disclosure allows for correction of non-catastrophic faults, such as significant changes of the components' values. The performance of the circuit built as described is vastly superior to operations achievable with the modern-day components utilized in previous standard and known configurations.

Abstract: An apparatus and method make use of a single shunt and two or more instrumentation amplifiers, switchably measuring voltages at the shunt. This permits current measurement. At times each instrumentation amplifier has its input shorted, which permits zeroing out many sources of offset in the signal path of that amplifier. Dynamic range is several orders of magnitude better than known current measurement approaches, permitting coulometry.

Abstract: A highly accurate voltage reference and temperature sensor circuit requires only several low-cost components in addition to a general-purpose microcontroller with an analog-to-digital converter. Unlike known circuits, the circuit disclosed does not rely on matching between a pair of semiconductor devices, as only a single semiconductor junction is used. All of the signal processing may be performed digitally.