Abstract: 5-Methylbutyrolactone is prepared by a process in which a pentenoic ester of the formula IX--CO.sub.2 R (I),where X is CH.sub.2 .dbd.CH--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --, CH.sub.3 --CH.dbd.CH--CH.sub.2 -- or CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --CH.dbd.CH-- and R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or aryl, or a mixture of these esters is reacted with water at from 50.degree. to 350.degree. C. in the presence or absence of a diluenta) over a zeolite and/or phosphate catalyst orb) in the presence of from 0.01 to 0.25 mole of a sulfonic acid, a Lewis acid and/or a non-oxidizing mineral acid per mole of pentenoic ester or over from 0.

Abstract: Provided is a frame with a plurality of swivel arms which supports a plurality of stops. Through the stop that is nearer to an upper preceding bale conveyer, a wastepaper bale proceeds onto a following lower support surface is such a way that wire laps surrounding the wastepaper bale are in a horizontal position. Through a second, following stop, rotation of the bale may take place as it drops from the first bale conveyor onto the following support surface, without causing the wastepaper bale to turn or topple so far that the wire laps will again have the same direction which they had on the first bale conveyor. This assures that in a following tie wire removal station, for example, the laps of the tie wires will always have the same alignment irrespective of the position of the wastepaper bales on the first conveyer belt.

Abstract: 5-Formylvaleric esters are prepared by a process which comprises the following steps:(a) Hydroformylation of a pentenoic ester by reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen at elevated temperatures and under superatmospheric pressure in the presence of a carbonyl complex of a metal of group 8 of the Periodic Table with formation of a mixture of 5-, 4- and 3-formylvaleric esters,(b) Isolation of the 5-formylvaleric ester from the resulting mixture of 5-, 4- and 3-formylvaleric esters, a mixture essentially consisting of 4- and 3-formylvaleric esters remaining,(c) Cleavage of the mixture essentially consisting of 4- and 3-formylvaleric esters at from 50.degree. to 400.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst to give pentenoic esters and(d) Recycling of the pentenoic esters to stage (a).

Abstract: To protect a base body (7) of the cabinet cover made of foamed plastic material, cover sheets (4), for example of sheet aluminum, are hooked over projecting edges of the side wall and overlapped with flaps (20) over the back wall (3) of the plastic base body. The corners of the cover sheets are angled-off in Z-shaped terminations (24) and connected to the base body by plastic elastic cover rails (6) connected to the base body (7) by snap-in projection-and-recess connections (12, 13; 8, 9), thereby providing a lightweight surface-protected cabinet which can be assembled simply and without requiring hand tools or assembly connectors such as screws or the like.

Abstract: .delta.-Formylvalerates are prepared by a process wherein a 3-pentenoate is treated with an isomerization catalyst at elevated temperatures and a 4-pentenoate is distilled off, and the resulting 4-pentenoate is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen at from 80 to 160.degree. C. under from 1 to 30 bar in the presence of a rhodium carbonyl complex which has been modified with tertiary organic phosphines or phosphites.

Abstract: All-cis-1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trihydroxycyclohexane derivatives corresponding to the general formula I ##STR1## wherein the symbols R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are identical or different and represent hydrogen atoms, alkyl groups or --CO-alkyl groups wherein the alkyl in the alkyl or --CO-alkyl group has 1 to 18 carbon atoms and the alkyl and --CO-alkyl groups may contain, independently of one another, one or more identical or different functional groups, and at least one of the groups R.sub.1 to R.sub.6 is one of the above mentioned unsubstituted or substituted alkyl groups or --CO-alkyl groups, and their salts with pharmacologically conventionally used inorganic or organic acids and their quaternary ammonium salts, processes for their preparation and their use, and pharmaceutical preparations containing these compounds.

Abstract: An apparatus for membrane pervaporation, in which a raw feed chamber, constituting two partial chambers, is formed by two plates. On the respective sides of each plate which are faced away from each other, there is a surrounding profile, which serves as support for the membrane. A surrounding gasket is arranged between the respective plate and the membrane such that the compaction of the gasket is limited to a predetermined value. Several raw feed chambers and permeate chambers can be alternately arranged in a stack unit. The apparatus is characterized by a simple design and low number of elements.

Abstract: In an improved process for the preparation of 6-aminocaproates by reacting a 5-formylvalerate with ammonia and hydrogen using an alkanol as a solvent in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst at elevated temperatures and under superatmospheric pressure, the improvement comprises carrying out the reaction at from 40.degree. to 95.degree. C.

Abstract: In order to increase the protection against forgery of a security paper, a security inlay made of polymer material having piezoelectric and/or pyroelectric properties is embedded in the security paper. The presence of such an inlay can be tested by means of contacting and non-contacting measuring methods.

Abstract: Cyclic ketones of the formula ##STR1## where n is an integer from 4 to 6, are prepared by converting an aliphatic dicarboxylate of the formulaR.sup.1 OCC--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --COOR.sup.2 IIwhere n has the above meaning, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or aryl and R.sup.2 may furthermore be hydrogen, at from 150.degree. to 450.degree. C. over a solid oxide catalyst.

Abstract: Caprolactam is prepared by a process in which(a) a 5-formylvalerate is reacted with excess ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of an alkanol as a solvent and in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst under superatmospheric pressure in the liquid phase at from 40.degree. to 130.degree. C.,(b) excess ammonia and hydrogen are separated off from the reaction mixture and(c) the reaction mixture thus obtained is heated to 150.degree.-250.degree. C. and .epsilon.-caprolactam is obtained.

Abstract: A fluid pressure system incorporating a piston and cylinder actuator which is initially moved from right to left and is reversed at the left hand end of its stroke by a switching valve upon receiving a signal through a passage from a sensing valve which becomes hydraulically balanced during a no-flow condition of the system and is displaceable to a switch initiating state during that condition by a small force originating from a light spring, or the actuator or from the operation of another valve in the system.

Abstract: Plastics-forming materials are shaped in a mold tool sealed by an associated closing unit. Lifting elements the stroke of which can be limited and controlled are associated with the mold tool. Shaping is accomplished by filling the mold cavity with reaction mixture while the mold tool halves are not completely sealed, sealing the filled mold and keeping the mold sealed until the article is completely cured. This method and apparatus are particularly useful in the production of dimensionally accurate geometrically complicated shaped articles.

Abstract: A piston metering device for the production of a plastic material from at least two flowable reaction components. This device is basically composed of (a) a hydraulic driving mechanism, (b) two piston cylinder units, (c) a mixer head and, optionally, (d) a control device common to at least one of the piston cylinder units. This device permits rapid and simple adjustment of the metering ratio of reaction components by adjustment of throughput. Such adjustment is accomplished by means of regulating elements made of hydraulic motors rigidly coupled to one another.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the enzymatic determination of sulphite, wherein the sulphite is oxidized in a buffered solution with sulphite oxidase to give sulphate, the hydrogen peroxide thereby formed being reduced in the presence of NAD and NADH with the enzyme NADH peroxidase and the consumption of NADH being determined optically.The present invention also provides a reagent for the enzymatic determination of sulphite, wherein it contains sulphite oxidase, NADH, NAD, NADH peroxidase and buffer.

Abstract: One corner connecting element (5), in the form of a rail, is present at each corner of a box-like structure having four side walls (3) and one bottom or rear wall (2). With longitudinal grooves (8), the rail engages bent-over edge portions (13) of the walls of the structure. The corner connecting elements (5) are preferably realized in two parts (6,7) in the longitudinal direction, the parts being held together by screws (12). Since the outside of the connecting rail (5) is embodied in the shape of one-quarter of a circle, the corners of the structure are rounded. The fabrication of such structures, such as bathroom cabinets and the like, is simplified as a result, because welded connections can be dispensed with.

Abstract: C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl pentenoates are obtained from reaction mixtures which contain this and which are obtained by reacting butadiene, or a butadiene-containing hydrocarbon mixture, with carbon monoxide and a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkanol, in the presence of a cobalt carbonyl catalyst and a tertiary nitrogen base at elevated temperatures and under superatmospheric pressure by a process in which(a) the liquid reaction mixture freed from excess carbon monoxide is treated with hydrogen at elevated temperatures and under from 5 to 80 bar,(b) hydrocarbons are distilled off from the resulting liquid reaction mixture,(c) the C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl pentenoate, the alkanol and the nitrogen base are then distilled off under reduced pressure, and(d) the C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl pentenoate is obtained by fractional distillation from the distillate containing this compound, the alkanol and the tertiary nitrogen base.

Abstract: A first reaction mixture, prepared from (a) isocyanates with isocyanate contents of from 5 to 50% and (b) compounds with molecular weights of from 32 to 10,000 which contain at least two isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms, in an equivalent ratio of component "a" to component "b" of 0.8:1 to 5:1, from 0.1 to 20% of a blowing agent and, optionally, other known additives, is introduced into the rigid cavity of a closed mold. After this mixture has become resistant to permeation, but is still compressible, a second reaction mixture, either the same or different from the first reaction mixture, prepared from (c) isocyanates having isocyanate contents of from 5 to 50% and (d) compounds with molecular weights of from 32 to 10,000 which contain at least two isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms, in an equivalent ratio of component "c" to component "d" of from 0.

Abstract: A box construction, for example for a bathroom cabinet, has four side walls, namely a pair of right and left side walls and a pair of top and bottom side walls as well as a rear wall. Each of two side walls extending in parallel to each other carries two spaced, parallel flanges (2, 3) alongside the rear edge or rear end. One of the two flanges forming a pair is provided with an angled flap (5) reaching toward the other flange and the respective side wall thereby forming a recess (21) behind the flap (5) and leaving a gap (7) between the flap (5) and the respective other flange. The rear wall has an angled rim (10) which reaches through the gap (7) into the recess (21) under or behind the angled flap (5) which is then bent, at least in one location, against the respective angled rim to lock the rear wall in place relative to the side walls.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the production of a flowable reaction mixture from at least two flowable reaction components which comprises conveying said components from storage zones as main flows, metered in a predetermined ratio, to several mixing zones which are connected in parallel, said process further characterized in that the main flows are divided up in each case into a number of divisional flows corresponding to at least the number of mixing zones, which divisional flows are combined with each other in pairs, and the metering ratio of the divisional flows corresponds to the metering ratio of the main flows.