Abstract: Methyl 4-pentenoate is isolated from mixtures containing this and methyl 3-pentenoate by a process in which from 0.25 to 0.4 part by weight of water is added per part by weight of methyl 4-pentenoate, and the azeotrope of methyl 4-pentenoate and water is distilled off.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of pent-3-enoic acid and its alkyl esters, of the general formulaCH.sub.3 --CH.dbd.CH--CH.sub.2 --CO--ORwhere R is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, comprising carbonylating butadiene with carbon monoxide and a compound ROH at from 300 to 1,000 bars CO pressure and from 100.degree. to 160.degree. C. in the presence of cobalt catalysts and nitrogen bases, wherein C.sub.4 cuts are used as starting materials and a tertiary amine having a pK.sub.A of from 3 to 11 is used as the nitrogen base. The pent-3-enoic acid or alkyl esters produced may be used for the manufacture of adipic acid or its alkyl esters, which compounds are starting materials for the manufacture of nylons.

Abstract: A method for production of lined gaskets or gasket inserts with which a pasty substance is arranged between the sealing surfaces (or correspondingly developed forms) and separated from these by two external layers, and hardened between the form-producing sealing surfaces. The pasty substance preferably contains a filler of quartz powder whose void fraction is filled with a 2-component artificial resin. The pasty substance can be applied with the assistance of a spray gun. A preferred form of construction of such a gasket contains a hardened material layer and a corrugated ring adjoining it, which, along an inner peripheral area are surrounded by a band-shaped shell and are arranged between two gasket insert rings, which for their part are surrounded by a customary shell of polytetrafluoroethylene or such-like.

Abstract: Pure monoesters of adipic acid are prepared by a process in which(a) a pentenoate is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen at from 90.degree. to 140.degree. C. and under from 5 to 300 bar in the presence of a carbonyl complex of cobalt or of rhodium, and a 5-formylvalerate is separated off, and(b) the 5-formylvalerate thus obtained is oxidized with molecular oxygen, or with a gas containing this, at from 20.degree. to 100.degree. C. under from 1 to 10 bar.

Abstract: 4-Pentenoates are prepared by isomerization of isomeric pentenoates in the presence of a catalyst, by a process in which isomeric pentenoates are treated at elevated temperatures with an acidic ion exchanger or acidic zeolite which contains a noble metal of group eight of the periodic table, and the 4-pentenoate is distilled off from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Carboxylates which contain aldehydes, acetals and/or unsaturated compounds and are obtained by reacting an olefinically unsaturated compound with carbon monoxide and an alkanol are purified by a process wherein the said carboxylates are treated with hydrogen at elevated temperatures in the presence of an acidic ion exchanger or zeolite doped with one or more metals of group VIII of the periodic table, and the resulting low and/or high boilers are separated off by distillation.

Abstract: A security with a paper substrate which exhibits identifying marks in the form of color patterns. The color patterns are arranged in the substance of the paper substrate in such a manner that the normal structure of the fibres in the substance of the paper layer is not disturbed by the color patterns. In the manufacture of the security, the color pattern is sprayed on to the not yet completely finished non-woven fibre during the formation of the paper sheet, and is preferably sprayed on to a non-woven fibre which is then united to a second non-woven fibre.

Abstract: Ethanol is produced continuously via the carbonylation of methanol, by(a) carbonylating methanol, in a reactor R, in the presence of a carbonyl complex of a metal of group VIII of the periodic table and of a halogen compound,(b) separating, in a distillation column D1, the reactor discharge, into a top fraction comprising methyl acetate, methanol, dimethyl ether and an organohalogen compound, and into a bottom fraction comprising water, small quantities of acetic acid and the catalyst, if the latter is not in a fixed bed, the residence time being so adjusted that the greater part of the acetic acid reacts with the methanol present to give methyl acetate,(c) separating the top fraction from D1, in a distillation column D2, into a top fraction comprising small quantities of methyl acetate, methanol, dimethyl ether and the organo-halogen compound, and a bottom fraction comprising methyl acetate and methanol, and recycling the top fraction to reactor R,(d) distilling off, via the top of distillation column D3, th

Abstract: A method for producing stratification mass for the production of top surfacing layers particularly through dipping, painting, filling or spraying on a carrier (especially for friction/slide layers of bearing laminates having metallic base members) of a matrix foundation substance of fluoride-held polymers which has admixed metal or metal-alloy particles and/or additive material with friction and/or slide-improving characteristics. The applied layer material is subjected to heat to melt the same, and the layer is then cooled and pressed. The synthetic substance of the matrix can contain a primer, such as chromium oxide.

Abstract: In towed agricultural equipment such as tractor-borne plows, it is often very important to accurately control the operating depth of the towed equipment. Prior systems for doing this have not accurately responded by providing appropriate control necessary for doing this depending on whether the sensed variation results from changes in soil condition or changes in tractor sway. Accordingly, to improve such control, a method and apparatus are provided for determining the rate of variation of the pulling force and providing limiting values for this rate of variation. A comparison between the determined values and the limiting values is made, and the vertical position of the plow is controlled in accordance with the comparison. Acceleration of the pulling force can also be used as a variable for the control. These comparisons serve to establish whether the change in pulling force result from changes in soil condition or tractor sway.

Abstract: A method for the determination of triglycerides by ester cleavage utilizing lipase and optionally esterase with the formation of fatty acids and glycerol, phosphorylation of the glycerol with adnosine triphosphate in the presence of glycerol kinase with the formation of glycerol-1-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate and determination of one of the latter two products. The glycerol kinase used is from Bacillus stearothermophilis and acts in combination with at least one activator selected from the group consisting of detergents, phenol derivatives and aniline derivative.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of alkyl formylvalerates, wherein butadiene or a butadiene-containing hydrocarbon mixture is reacted, in a first stage, with carbon monoxide and alkanols in the presence of cobalt carbonyl complexes and, per mole of butadiene, from 0.5 to 2 moles of tertiary nitrogen bases having a pK.sub.a of from 3 to 11, at from 80.degree. to 150.degree. C. and from 300 to 2,000 bar, and, in a second stage, the resulting alkyl pentenoate is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of cobalt carbonyl complexes at from 100.degree. to 160.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for purifying carboxylic acid esters which have been obtained by reacting olefinically unsaturated compounds with carbon monoxide and alkanols and which contain aldehydes or acetals, wherein the said esters are treated with a strongly acidic agent, with or without addition of water.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl pent-3-enoates, wherein butadiene, or a hydrocarbon mixture containing butadiene, either of which contains not more than 0.1% by weight of butynes, is reacted with carbon monoxide and an alkanol of 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the presence of a cobalt carbonyl catalyst and a tertiary nitrogen base, having a pK.sub.A of 3-11, at from 100.degree. to 140.degree. C. under a pressure of from 300 to 1,000 bar.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of filling cavities and, in particular, mold cavities, with a reactive solid-forming or foam-forming mixture, wherein at least two reactants are introduced into a spatially limited mixing zone, mixed therein as they pass through, and the mixture produced is introduced into a mold cavity where it reacts and wherein the mold cavity is initially enlarged in-part for storing a portion of the mixture, which portion is subsequently transferred to the final mold cavity volume. The object of the invention is to produce plastic articles which are shaped in molds, but also to fill out other cavities, for example, for the purposes of reinforcement.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of butanedicarboxylic acid esters, wherein(a) an aqueous cobalt salt solution is treated with excess carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of active charcoal laden with cobalt carbonyl,(b) the resulting aqueous solution of cobalt carbonyl hydride is extracted with butadiene or a butadiene containing hydrocarbon mixture and the aqueous phase is separated off,(c) the butadiene, or butadiene/hydrocarbon mixture, containing cobalt carbonyl hydride, cobalt carbonyl and butenyl-cobalt tricarbonyl, is reacted with carbon monoxide and excess C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkanol in the presence of a tertiary nitrogen base,(d) the resulting reaction mixture is freed from the tertiary nitrogen base contained therein, down to a content of from 0.1 to 0.3 mole per mole of pentenoic acid ester, and from excess hydrocarbons, and the pentenoic acid ester remaining in the reaction mixture is reacted with carbon monoxide and excess C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: A stratification mass for the production of top surfacing layers particularly through dipping, painting, filling or spraying on a carrier (especially for friction/slide layers of bearing laminates having metallic base members) of a matrix foundation substance of fluoride-held polymers which has admixed metal or metal-alloy particles and/or additive material with friction and/or slide-improving characteristics. The applied layer material is subjected to heat to melt the same, and the layer is then cooled and pressed. The synthetic substance of the matrix can contain a primer, such as chromium oxide.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of salts of alkanedicarboxylic acids of 4 to 12 carbon atoms and alkanediamines of 3 to 14 carbon atoms, comprising reacting esters of alkanols of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and alkanedicarboxylic acids of 4 to 12 carbon atoms with alkanediamines of 3 to 14 carbon atoms in stoichiometric amounts in the presence of water at an elevated temperature, with continuous removal of the alkanols formed, in which process the reaction is carried out, from the start, in the presence of the particular salt of alkanedicarboxylic acid and alkanediamine which is to be manufactured.

Abstract: In a method for the determination of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase or glutamate-pyruvate transaminase by the reaction of oxalacetate or pyruvate with glutamate, with formation of .alpha.-ketoglutarate in a buffered solution, the .alpha.-ketoglutarate formed is reacted with .gamma.-aminobutyrate in the presence of .gamma.-aminobutyrate transaminase with formation of succinate semialdehyde, NADP is reduced with the latter in the presence of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase to give NADPH, and the latter is measured either directly or after conversion with a tetrazolium salt and an electron carrier such as diaphorase, phenantroline methosulphate or phenazine methosulphate to a formazane dye.A reagent suited for use with this method contains .gamma.-aminobutyrate transaminase, succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, .gamma.-aminobutyrate, glutamate and buffer, as well as either oxalacetate or pyruvate, and optionally a tetrazolium salt, an electron carrier and a surface-active agent.

Abstract: In a process for the preparation of butanedicarboxylic acid esters by(a) reacting butadiene or hydrocarbon mixtures containing butadiene with carbon monoxide and a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkanol in the presence of a tertiary nitrogen base and a cobalt carbonyl catalyst at from 80.degree. to 150.degree. C. under superatmospheric pressure,(b) removing the greater part of the tertiary nitrogen base together with any excess hydrocarbon and(c) reacting the resulting pentenoic acid ester, in the presence of the catalyst remaining in the reaction mixture, and in the presence of the remaining amount of tertiary nitrogen base, with carbon monoxide and a C.sub.1 - to C.sub.4 -alkanol at from 140.degree. to 200.degree. C. under superatmospheric pressure, to give the butanedicarboxylic acid ester, the improvement wherein the reaction mixture in stage c) is substantially free from dissolved butadiene or butadiene bonded to the catalyst.Butanedicarboxylic acid esters may be used for the preparation of polymers.