Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an active pattern extending in a first direction, a plurality of gate structures on the active pattern spaced in the first direction, and including a gate electrode extending in a second direction, a source/drain pattern between adjacent gate structures, a silicide mask pattern on the source/drain pattern, an upper surface of the silicide mask pattern being lower than an upper surface of the gate electrode, a source/drain contact on the source/drain pattern connected to the source/drain pattern, and a contact silicide film between the source/drain contact and the source/drain pattern in contact with a bottom surface of the silicide mask pattern, wherein a height from a lowermost part of the source/drain pattern to a lowermost part of the source/drain contact is smaller than a height from the lowermost part of the source/drain pattern to the bottom surface of the silicide mask pattern.

Abstract: Provided are a method, an apparatus, and a parameter training method for friction loss-based differential pressure flow rate measurement. The method includes receiving pipe information on a pipe through which fluid passes from a measurement sensor installed on the pipe, calculating physical properties of the fluid based on the pipe information, obtaining a first parameter related to pressure loss of the fluid that occurs in a first passing route in the pipe, obtaining a second parameter related to pressure loss of the fluid that occurs in a second passing route in the pipe, and outputting a flow rate of the fluid based on the pipe information, the physical properties of the fluid, the first parameter, and the second parameter.

Abstract: A power management apparatus and a housing complex combination method for trading surplus power for a housing are provided. Influencing factors in analyzing a consumption pattern of an individual housing and various correlations between the influencing factors are analyzed, and an optimal sustainable housing complex through supply of new renewable energy is formed.

Abstract: An ultrasonic flow meter is provided. The flow meter includes a detector that transmits a signal to a fluid and receives a signal from the fluid, a memory configured to store instructions, and a processor electrically connected to the memory and configured to execute the instructions, and when the instructions are executed by the processor, the processor calculates a first flow-rate value of the fluid using a signal transmitted to the fluid and a signal transmitted from the fluid, determines whether the first flow-rate value is missing, calculates a second flow-rate value of the fluid using a physical quantity of the fluid if the first flow-rate value is missing, and replaces the missing value with the second flow value, and the physical quantity is measured by an auxiliary sensor located installed on a pipe through which the fluid flows.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus according to an example embodiment includes an abnormal state determiner configured to determine a maximum output of a fuel cell by determining whether there is an abnormality in the fuel cell, a fuel cell controller configured to control output power of the fuel cell within the maximum output based on demand power of a load, an energy storage configured to charge with power by receiving the power from the fuel cell and supply the power to the load, a charging state determiner configured to determine a charging state of the energy storage based on a charging amount of the energy storage, and a storage controller configured to control charging and discharging of the energy storage based on a difference between the demand power of the load and the output power of the fuel cell.

Abstract: An energy trading system and method for performing energy trading between blockchain-based servers are disclosed. Specifically, in the energy trading method, a blockchain transaction table is divided and operated into an energy channel and a trading channel for energy prosumer power trading, and a procedure for processing a transaction is provided through servers divided into an energy prosumer blockchain server, a power trading blockchain server, and an operator blockchain server.

Abstract: Provided is a missing data correction method and apparatus, and more particularly, a missing data correction method that estimates missing power and energy from an electricity meter in consideration of a case in which power data and energy data collected from the electricity meter are missing and generates continuous power data according to the estimated power and energy.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for providing metering information that may provide a security for personal information. A metering information providing method collects metering information about a variety of energy, such as electricity, gas, heating, cooling, and hot water of an apartment house, provides the collected metering information to a utility provider and an energy information provider, and provides a systematic security function of personal information required to operate a new business model.

Abstract: A composite energy sensor is disclosed. The composite energy sensor may support decision-making by identifying a situation related to overall energy use, and provide sensor precision that is at a level of replacing a high-cost sensor through combination of low-cost sensor data.

Abstract: Provided is a capacity design method and apparatus for performing solar power generation of a residential complex that may calculate a capacity of a solar power generator and an energy storage device to achieve energy independence of a residential complex including a plurality of housings and reduce burden affecting a grid.

Abstract: A data collection method using a user terminal and a data collection system. The data collection method is a method of collecting data using a user terminal and an existing mobile communication network, without using a separate dedicated communication network.

Abstract: A power management apparatus and a housing complex combination method for trading surplus power for a housing are provided. Influencing factors in analyzing a consumption pattern of an individual housing and various correlations between the influencing factors are analyzed, and an optimal sustainable housing complex through supply of new renewable energy is formed.

Abstract: An output controlling apparatus of an energy storage apparatus for a reliability of an output of a photovoltaic power generation is provided. The output controlling apparatus includes a power generation amount predictor configured to predict a next day's power generation amount of a photovoltaic power generator, a target output generator configured to determine a target output based on a charging state of an energy storage apparatus used for a photovoltaic power generation, a real-time output criterion generator configured to generate an output criterion used for outputs from the photovoltaic power generator and the energy storage apparatus to a system in units of time based on the target output and the charging state of the energy storage apparatus, and a charging/discharging controller configured to control charging and discharging of the energy storage apparatus such that an output to the system follows the output criterion.

Abstract: An output controlling apparatus of an energy storage apparatus for a reliability of an output of a photovoltaic power generation is provided. The output controlling apparatus includes a power generation amount predictor configured to predict a next day's power generation amount of a photovoltaic power generator, a target output generator configured to determine a target output based on a charging state of an energy storage apparatus used for a photovoltaic power generation, a real-time output criterion generator configured to generate an output criterion used for outputs from the photovoltaic power generator and the energy storage apparatus to a system in units of time based on the target output and the charging state of the energy storage apparatus, and a charging/discharging controller configured to control charging and discharging of the energy storage apparatus such that an output to the system follows the output criterion.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for analyzing a building. The apparatus for analyzing a building includes a configuration unit for configuring analysis settings for analyzing a target building; a calculation unit for calculating a distance based on similarity by acquiring information about the target building and information about a standard building depending on the analysis settings and for generating a result of analysis of the target building using the distance; and an output unit for outputting the result of analysis of the target building.

Abstract: A data collection method using a user terminal and a data collection system. The data collection method is a method of collecting data using a user terminal and an existing mobile communication network, without using a separate dedicated communication network.

Abstract: An uninterruptible power supply apparatus and method. The uninterruptible power supply apparatus includes a first generator, an energy storage, a first power converter connected to the energy storage, a second power converter connected to the energy storage, a first switch connected to the first power converter and a first load, a second switch connected to the second power converter, the first generator and a second load, and a third switch connected to a power grid, the first generator, the second power converter, the first switch and the second switch. In a normal state in which the first switch and the third switch are connected, the power grid supplies power to the first load or the second load. In an independent operating state in which the third switch is turned off, the first generator or the energy storage uninterruptibly supplies power to the first load or the second load.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a smart plug-based power management method for preventing a power failure and an apparatus for the method. The power management method includes acquiring load amount information for each of multiple loads corresponding to power management targets, checking a maximum amount of power that is capable of being generated by a solar power generator, setting a power supply mode based on at least one of whether power is being supplied from a power system and a result of a comparison of the load amount information with the maximum amount of power, and performing power management so as to prevent a power failure by interrupting a supply of power so as to correspond to the power supply mode based on multiple smart plugs for controlling corresponding ones of the multiple loads.

Abstract: An uninterruptible power supply apparatus and method. The uninterruptible power supply apparatus includes a first generator, an energy storage, a first power converter connected to the energy storage, a second power converter connected to the energy storage, a first switch connected to the first power converter and a first load, a second switch connected to the second power converter, the first generator and a second load, and a third switch connected to a power grid, the first generator, the second power converter, the first switch and the second switch. In a normal state in which the first switch and the third switch are connected, the power grid supplies power to the first load or the second load. In an independent operating state in which the third switch is turned off, the first generator or the energy storage uninterruptibly supplies power to the first load or the second load.

Abstract: A method of generating an energy map and an apparatus using the same. The method of generating an energy map includes acquiring a plurality of energy events and a situation event, arranging the plurality of energy events and the situation event temporally in an energy map in an order of occurrence, calculating a weight of the plurality of energy events and the situation event, and determining a correlation between the plurality of energy events and the situation event based on the weight.