Abstract: Systems and methods for retinal imaging are provided. A heads-up display (HUD) can be integrated with advanced retinal imaging modalities, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundoscopy (e.g., fluorescence fundoscopy). The HUD can serve as a crucial component of this approach, offering several key functionalities (e.g., a fixation target and/or a means for dark adaptation).

Abstract: The current invention pertains to a system and methods of identifying a site in a tissue of a patient as neoplastic or normal. The system comprises a source of electromagnetic signals; an optical probe which delivers the electromagnetic signals to a working end of the probe; a spectrometer which acquires diffuse reflectance electromagnetic signals returned from the site probed by the optical probe. The spectrometer processes the diffuse reflectance signals to produce a diffuse reflectance spectra which is transmitted to a system controller programmed to analyze the diffuse reflectance spectra to calculate hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin oxygenation, and/or diffuse reflectance intensity of signals having wavelength of about 700 nm. These parameters are used to identify the site as neoplastic or normal. The system of current invention can be used in identifying neoplastic sites in brain in an intraoperative manner, for example, during a pediatric brain surgery.

Abstract: Methods and systems that detect and differentiate epileptogenic from eloquent and normal cortices are provided. A method for identifying epileptogenic cortices in a brain may include detecting areas in the brain that are undergoing cerebral blood volume low frequency oscillations, detecting areas in the brain that are undergoing blood oxygenation low frequency oscillations; mapping clusters of the brain in which the cerebral blood volume low frequency oscillations are negatively correlated with the blood oxygenation low frequency oscillations, and analyzing the time based relationship between the clusters of the brain that are undergoing negatively correlated low frequency oscillations to determine cause areas, which are areas of the brain that are causing negatively correlated low frequency oscillations to occur elsewhere.

Abstract: The current invention pertains to a system and methods of identifying a site in a tissue of a patient as neoplastic or normal. The system comprises a source of electromagnetic signals; an optical probe which delivers the electromagnetic signals to a working end of the probe; a spectrometer which acquires diffuse reflectance electromagnetic signals returned from the site probed by the optical probe. The spectrometer processes the diffuse reflectance signals to produce a diffuse reflectance spectra which is transmitted to a system controller programmed to analyze the diffuse reflectance spectra to calculate hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin oxygenation, and/or diffuse reflectance intensity of signals having wavelength of about 700 nm. These parameters are used to identify the site as neoplastic or normal. The system of current invention can be used in identifying neoplastic sites in brain in an intraoperative manner, for example, during a pediatric brain surgery.

Abstract: Methods and systems that detect and differentiate epileptogenic from eloquent and normal cortices are provided. A method for identifying epileptogenic cortices in a brain may include detecting areas in the brain that are undergoing cerebral blood volume low frequency oscillations, detecting areas in the brain that are undergoing blood oxygenation low frequency oscillations; mapping clusters of the brain in which the cerebral blood volume low frequency oscillations are negatively correlated with the blood oxygenation low frequency oscillations, and analyzing the time based relationship between the clusters of the brain that are undergoing negatively correlated low frequency oscillations to determine cause areas, which are areas of the brain that are causing negatively correlated low frequency oscillations to occur elsewhere.

Abstract: The current invention pertains to a system and methods of identifying a site in a tissue of a patient as neoplastic or normal. The system comprises a source of electromagnetic signals; an optical probe which delivers the electromagnetic signals to a working end of the probe; a spectrometer which acquires diffuse reflectance electromagnetic signals returned from the site probed by the optical probe. The spectrometer processes the diffuse reflectance signals to produce a diffuse reflectance spectra which is transmitted to a system controller programmed to analyze the diffuse reflectance spectra to calculate hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin oxygenation, and/or diffuse reflectance intensity of signals having wavelength of about 700 nm. These parameters are used to identify the site as neoplastic or normal. The system of current invention can be used in identifying neoplastic sites in brain in an intraoperative manner, for example, during a pediatric brain surgery.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing an acoustic device of a mobile terminal includes a bracket, a sound generator, a driving device, a sealing member connected to the driving device, and a plurality of first reference microphones. The driving device includes a first driving member and a second driving member. The first driving member is capable of driving the second driving member move along a first direction, and the second driving member is capable of driving the sealing member move along a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction, such that the sealing member is capable of moving toward or away from the acoustic device. The first reference microphones are mounted on the bracket and configured to test an leakproofness of the acoustic device when the acoustic device is sealed by the sealing member. A method for testing the acoustic device is also provided.

Abstract: A testing device for avoiding an electronic device accidently being detached in test, includes a bracket for receiving the electronic device therein, a first latching member attached to a first end of the bracket and configured to slide between a latched position and a released position, and a second latching member attached to a second end opposite the first end of the bracket and configured to slide between a latched position and a released position. The electronic device is located in the bracket, when the first latching member and the second latching member are in their respective latched positions. The electronic device extends beyond the bracket, when the first latching member and the second latching member are in their respective released positions.

Abstract: A method for detecting death process of a cell or tissue of a living subject. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of illuminating the cell or tissue of the living subject with a coherent light, collecting fluorescent light returned from the illuminated cell or tissue of the living subject, identifying a NAD(P)H peak of a spectrum of the collected fluorescent light with a wavelength, ?peak, and obtaining the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum of the collected fluorescent light substantially corresponding to the wavelength ?peak. These steps are repeated at sequential stages until the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum at a current stage is less than the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum at an earlier stage immediately prior to the current stage so as to detect death process of the cell of the living subject at the current stage using the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum.

Abstract: A method for differentiating malignant in vivo liver tissues from normal in vivo liver tissues of a living subject includes the steps of: (a) illuminating a first area and a second area of in vivo liver tissues of the living subject with a first excitation light, (b) measuring an intensity of fluorescent light emitted from each of the first area and the second area of in vivo liver tissues in response to the first excitation light as a function of wavelength so as to obtain a first and a second fluorescent spectra, respectively, (c) illuminating the first area and the second area of in vivo liver tissues with a second excitation light, (d) measuring an intensity of diffuse light reflected by each of the first area and the second area of in vivo liver tissues in response to the second excitation light as a function of wavelength so as to obtain a first and a second diffused reflectance spectra, respectively, and (e) identifying one of the first area and the second area of in vivo liver tissues as malignant liv

Abstract: A method for detecting death process of a cell or tissue of a living subject. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of illuminating the cell or tissue of the living subject with a coherent light, collecting fluorescent light returned from the illuminated cell or tissue of the living subject, identifying a NAD(P)H peak of a spectrum of the collected fluorescent light with a wavelength, ?peak, and obtaining the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum of the collected fluorescent light substantially corresponding to the wavelength ?peak. These steps are repeated at sequential stages until the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum at a current stage is less than the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum at an earlier stage immediately prior to the current stage so as to detect death process of the cell of the living subject at the current stage using the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum.

Abstract: A method for identifying cells of a living subject in vivo includes delivering a plurality of optical nanoparticles to the cells, optically imaging the optical nanoparticles, and identifying the cells of a living subject from an image and/or spectrum of the optical nanoparticles.

Abstract: A method for detecting death process of a cell or tissue of a living subject. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of illuminating the cell or tissue of the living subject with a coherent light, collecting fluorescent light returned from the illuminated cell or tissue of the living subject, identifying a NAD(P)H peak of a spectrum of the collected fluorescent light with a wavelength, ?peak, and obtaining the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum of the collected fluorescent light substantially corresponding to the wavelength ?peak. These steps are repeated at sequential stages until the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum at a current stage is less than the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum at an earlier stage immediately prior to the current stage so as to detect death process of the cell of the living subject at the current stage using the intensity of the NAD(P)H peak of the spectrum.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting radiation damage in an area of brain tissues, where the area of brain tissues has at least a first region containing brain tissues damaged from radiation exposure and a second region containing no brain tissues damaged from radiation exposure. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of illuminating in vivo the area of brain tissues with a coherent light at an incident wavelength, &lgr;0, between 330 nm and 360 nm, collecting electromagnetic emission returned from the illuminated brain tissues, and identifying a first peak of intensity of the collected electromagnetic emission at a first wavelength, &lgr;1, and a second peak of intensity of the collected electromagnetic emission at a second wavelength, &lgr;2, wherein &lgr;0, &lgr;1, and &lgr;2 satisfy the following relationship of &lgr;1>&lgr;2>&lgr;0.

Abstract: Tissue types (e.g. tumorous or normal) are determined using optical spectroscopy. Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra are generated by separately illuminating a tissue surface area with monochromatic light and white light. A peak in autofluorescence intensity (F) is provided around 460 nm from both from normal and tumorous human brain tissue with 337 nm monochromatic light excitation. Separation between white/gray matter and brain tumors is provided by certain combined F-Rd spectrum numerical values, especially certain ratios of F and Rd between 400 nm-600 nm. Numerical values based on certain combinations of unequal exponential powers of F and Rd are essentially unaffected by the superficial blood contamination. In addition, diffuse reflectance intensity (Rd) between 650 nm and 800 nm from white/gray matter was significantly stronger than that from primary and secondary brain tumors and is used with the combined spectrum numerical value to enhance accurate determinations.

Abstract: A process for removing photoresist material without any residues left and damage to the in-process substrate is described. The present process for removing photoresist on an in-process substrate comprises the steps of providing a cover layer which is to be etched on the in-process substrate and providing a layer of photoresist material thereon. The photoresist layer is patterned, exposed and developed. Then, the developed photoresist layer is further exposed without using a mask. The cover layer is etched with the use of the patterned photoresist layer. After etching, the photoresist material is removed by a solvent.

Abstract: Optical spectroscopy for brain tumor demarcation was investigated in this study. Fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra were measured from normal and tumorous human brain tissues in vitro. A fluorescence peak was consistently observed around 460 nm (±10 nm) emission from both normal and tumorous brain tissues using 337 nm excitation. Intensity of this fluorescence peak (F460) from normal brain tissues was greater than that from primary brain tumorous tissues. In addition, diffuse reflectance (Rd) between 650 nm and 800 nm from white matter was significantly stronger than that from primary and secondary brain tumors. A good separation between gray matter and brain tumors was found using the ratio of F460 and Rd at 400 nm-600 nm. Two empirical discrimination algorithms based on F (400 nm-600 nm), Rd (600 nm-800 nm), and F (400 nm-600 nm)/Rd (400 nm-600 nm) were developed. These algorithms yielded an average sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 93%, respectively.

Abstract: An improved focusing and color-filtering structure is provided for use in a semiconductor light-sensitive device, such as CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) light-sensitive device, that can be used, for example, on a digital camera or a PC camera to convert photographed image directly into digital form. The focusing and color-filtering structure is used for the focusing and color-filtering of the light incident thereon prior to the light being detected by the light-sensitive device. The focusing and color-filtering structure is characterized in the forming of a dummy pattern layer in the non-filter area surrounding the array of color-filter layers, which allows the subsequently formed planarization layer to be highly planaized with a substantially uniformly flat top surface without having slopes such that the subsequently formed microlenses can all be disposed upright in position without being slanted.

Abstract: A process for removing photoresist material without any residues left and damage to the in-process substrate is described. The present process for removing photoresist on an in-process substrate comprises the steps of providing a cover layer which is to be etched on the in-process substrate and providing a layer of photoresist material thereon. The photoresist layer is patterned, exposed and developed. Then, the developed photoresist layer is further exposed without using a mask. The cover layer is etched with the use of the patterned photoresist layer. After etching, the photoresist material is removed by a solvent.

Abstract: A reworking method to remove color filter film from a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. In this method, the color filter film, including a planar film and a color film, is formed after the passivation of a CMOS device. Whether the color filter film is pre-baked or not, the reworking method of the invention is suitable. The method includes a plasma process, a solvent process, and a plasma process, which are sequentially performed.