Abstract: The disclosure features methods of identifying specific drug candidates for disease treatment, the methods including: for pairs of associated expressed proteins in a protein-protein interaction network for a plurality of biological samples, comparing relative concentration values of the associated proteins in each of the biological samples to identify outliers among a distribution of the relative concentration values, identifying a set of proteins involved in dysregulated protein-protein interactions in the network based on the outliers, and predicting an efficacy of one or more drug candidates from among a set of drug candidates for treating a disease based on the identified set of proteins and information about one or more of proteins, protein complexes, biological pathways, and functional modules targeted by the set of drug candidates.

Abstract: The disclosure features methods of identifying protein-protein deregulation that include: generating a basal protein-protein interaction network for a plurality of biological samples, the network featuring a set of proteins expressed in the biological samples and concentrations of each member of the set of expressed proteins in each of the biological samples; identifying two associated expressed proteins in the network; for the two associated expressed proteins, comparing correlated relative concentration values of the two proteins in each of the biological samples to identify outliers among a distribution of the relative concentration values; and identifying members of the plurality of biological samples in which deregulation of the two associated expressed proteins occurs based on the outliers.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a mass spectrometry tag may comprise a linker region, a mass balance region, and a reporter region. The mass spectrometry tag may be configured to fragment in a mass spectrometer via an energy dependent process to produce multiple reporter molecules. For example, the reporter region of the tag may be configured to produce at least two reporter molecules via fragmentation. In some embodiments, one or more regions of the tag may comprise at least one heavy isotope. In some such embodiments, the ability to fragment into multiple reporter molecules as well as the placement and/or number of heavy isotope(s) allows the mass spectrometry tag to be distinguished from other similar mass spectrometry tags. In some such embodiments, the ability to distinguish between tags having the same or substantially similar total mass to charge ratio and reporter region mass may allow the system to have a greater multiplexing capacity than conventional systems.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a mass spectrometry tag may comprise a linker region, a mass balance region, and a reporter region. The mass spectrometry tag may be configured to fragment in a mass spectrometer via an energy dependent process to produce multiple reporter molecules. For example, the reporter region of the tag may be configured to produce at least two reporter molecules via fragmentation. In some embodiments, one or more regions of the tag may comprise at least one heavy isotope. In some such embodiments, the ability to fragment into multiple reporter molecules as well as the placement and/or number of heavy isotope(s) allows the mass spectrometry tag to be distinguished from other similar mass spectrometry tags. In some such embodiments, the ability to distinguish between tags having the same or substantially similar total mass to charge ratio and reporter region mass may allow the system to have a greater multiplexing capacity than conventional systems.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a mass spectrometry tag may comprise a linker region, a mass balance region, and a reporter region. The mass spectrometry tag may be configured to fragment in a mass spectrometer via an energy dependent process to produce multiple reporter molecules. For example, the reporter region of the tag may be configured to produce at least two reporter molecules via fragmentation. In some embodiments, one or more regions of the tag may comprise at least one heavy isotope. In some such embodiments, the ability to fragment into multiple reporter molecules as well as the placement and/or number of heavy isotope(s) allows the mass spectrometry tag to be distinguished from other similar mass spectrometry tags. In some such embodiments, the ability to distinguish between tags having the same or substantially similar total mass to charge ratio and reporter region mass may allow the system to have a greater multiplexing capacity than conventional systems.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a mass spectrometry tag may comprise a linker region, a mass balance region, and a reporter region. The mass spectrometry tag may be configured to fragment in a mass spectrometer via an energy dependent process to produce multiple reporter molecules. For example, the reporter region of the tag may be configured to produce at least two reporter molecules via fragmentation. In some embodiments, one or more regions of the tag may comprise at least one heavy isotope. In some such embodiments, the ability to fragment into multiple reporter molecules as well as the placement and/or number of heavy isotope(s) allows the mass spectrometry tag to be distinguished from other similar mass spectrometry tags. In some such embodiments, the ability to distinguish between tags having the same or substantially similar total mass to charge ratio and reporter region mass may allow the system to have a greater multiplexing capacity than conventional systems.

Abstract: A circuit system for controlling an electrical consumer, the circuit system including an up-down counter, and the circuit system being configured to generate a control signal for controlling the electrical consumer, in particular for shutting off the electrical consumer, as a function of a counter content of the up-down counter. The circuit system includes a controllable clock divider circuit, with the aid of which the circuit system is configured to predefine a counting direction and a counting speed of the up-down counter as a function of at least one variable characterizing an actual current and/or a nominal current of the electrical consumer.

Abstract: The disclosure features methods of identifying specific drug candidates for disease treatment, the methods including: for pairs of associated expressed proteins in a protein-protein interaction network for a plurality of biological samples, comparing relative concentration values of the associated proteins in each of the biological samples to identify outliers among a distribution of the relative concentration values, identifying a set of proteins involved in dysregulated protein-protein interactions in the network based on the outliers, and predicting an efficacy of one or more drug candidates from among a set of drug candidates for treating a disease based on the identified set of proteins and information about one or more of proteins, protein complexes, biological pathways, and functional modules targeted by the set of drug candidates.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a mass spectrometry tag may comprise a linker region, a mass balance region, and a reporter region. The mass spectrometry tag may be configured to fragment in a mass spectrometer via an energy dependent process to produce multiple reporter molecules. For example, the reporter region of the tag may be configured to produce at least two reporter molecules via fragmentation. In some embodiments, one or more regions of the tag may comprise at least one heavy isotope. In some such embodiments, the ability to fragment into multiple reporter molecules as well as the placement and/or number of heavy isotope(s) allows the mass spectrometry tag to be distinguished from other similar mass spectrometry tags. In some such embodiments, the ability to distinguish between tags having the same or substantially similar total mass to charge ratio and reporter region mass may allow the system to have a greater multiplexing capacity than conventional systems.

Abstract: A method for operating a control unit of a motor vehicle including a function unit and a monitoring unit which have a communication connection to one another. In a first check, the function unit is checked for errors, an error of the function unit being inferred if an error counter reaches a threshold value, and the monitoring unit and the function unit exchange first data with one another. In the event of a correct exchange of the first data, a positive change of the error counter is carried out. Otherwise, a negative change of the error counter is carried out. In a second check, the monitoring unit and the function unit exchange second data with one another. In the event of an incorrect exchange of the second data, a negative change of the error counter and a negative change of the threshold value are carried out.

Abstract: A circuit for monitoring a supply voltage for an electronic device. The circuit includes a first reference voltage source, which generates a first reference voltage; a comparison device, which compares the first reference voltage with the supply voltage; a voltage regulator for regulating the supply voltage, the first reference voltage serving as a reference for the voltage regulator and the output voltage of the voltage regulator which supplies at least the comparison device a second reference voltage source, which generates a second reference voltage; and at least one comparator, which compares the output voltage of the voltage regulator with the second reference voltage.

Abstract: A circuit system for controlling an electrical consumer, the circuit system including an up-down counter, and the circuit system being configured to generate a control signal for controlling the electrical consumer, in particular for shutting off the electrical consumer, as a function of a counter content of the up-down counter. The circuit system includes a controllable clock divider circuit, with the aid of which the circuit system is configured to predefine a counting direction and a counting speed of the up-down counter as a function of at least one variable characterizing an actual current and/or a nominal current of the electrical consumer.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a method, a computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed, perform a method, and a system for performing mass spectrometry analysis. Molecules of different samples may be labeled with a chemical tag, allowing a multiplexed analysis of multiple samples. The labeled molecules may be fragmented, each fragmented molecule creating at least two separate ions. The relative abundance of each of the heavier ions, which may comprise the original molecule from the sample, may be measured. A relative abundance of the labeled molecules in each of the samples may be determined from the measured relative abundances of the heavier ions.

Abstract: A method for operating a control unit of a motor vehicle including a function unit and a monitoring unit which have a communication connection to one another. In a first check, the function unit is checked for errors, an error of the function unit being inferred if an error counter reaches a threshold value, and the monitoring unit and the function unit exchange first data with one another. In the event of a correct exchange of the first data, a positive change of the error counter is carried out. Otherwise, a negative change of the error counter is carried out. In a second check, the monitoring unit and the function unit exchange second data with one another. In the event of an incorrect exchange of the second data, a negative change of the error counter and a negative change of the threshold value are carried out.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a mass spectrometry tag may comprise a linker region, a mass balance region, and a reporter region. The mass spectrometry tag may be configured to fragment in a mass spectrometer via an energy dependent process to produce multiple reporter molecules. For example, the reporter region of the tag may be configured to produce at least two reporter molecules via fragmentation. In some embodiments, one or more regions of the tag may comprise at least one heavy isotope. In some such embodiments, the ability to fragment into multiple reporter molecules as well as the placement and/or number of heavy isotope(s) allows the mass spectrometry tag to be distinguished from other similar mass spectrometry tags. In some such embodiments, the ability to distinguish between tags having the same or substantially similar total mass to charge ratio and reporter region mass may allow the system to have a greater multiplexing capacity than conventional systems.

Abstract: The disclosure features methods of identifying protein-protein deregulation that include: generating a basal protein-protein interaction network for a plurality of biological samples, the network featuring a set of proteins expressed in the biological samples and concentrations of each member of the set of expressed proteins in each of the biological samples; identifying two associated expressed proteins in the network; for the two associated expressed proteins, comparing correlated relative concentration values of the two proteins in each of the biological samples to identify outliers among a distribution of the relative concentration values; and identifying members of the plurality of biological samples in which deregulation of the two associated expressed proteins occurs based on the outliers.

Abstract: A method of performing a mass spectrometry analysis includes labeling each of a plurality of samples with a corresponding chemical tag; forming a first plurality of ions from molecules in the samples; selecting a subset of the first plurality of ions, the subset being selected by isolating ions of the first plurality of ions in a plurality of ranges of mass-to-charge; forming a second plurality of ions by fragmenting ions in the subset; and measuring information indicative of a quantity of each of the plurality of chemical tags present in each of the plurality of samples.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a method, a computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed, perform a method, and a system for performing mass spectrometry analysis. Molecules of different samples may be labeled with a chemical tag, allowing a multiplexed analysis of multiple samples. The labeled molecules may be fragmented, each fragmented molecule creating at least two separate ions. The relative abundance of each of the heavier ions, which may comprise the original molecule from the sample, may be measured. A relative abundance of the labeled molecules in each of the samples may be determined from the measured relative abundances of the heavier ions.

Abstract: A method of performing a mass spectrometry analysis includes labeling each of a plurality of samples with a corresponding chemical tag; forming a first plurality of ions from molecules in the samples; selecting a subset of the first plurality of ions, the subset being selected by isolating ions of the first plurality of ions in a plurality of ranges of mass-to-charge; forming a second plurality of ions by fragmenting ions in the subset; and measuring information indicative of a quantity of each of the plurality of chemical tags present in each of the plurality of samples.

Abstract: There is disclosed substituted thiocarboxamides of the general formula (I) useful as herbicides.