Abstract: Chlorine and sulfide species are separately introduced to a flue gas passing through a scrubber in order to remove the elemental and oxidized mercury from the gas through the precipitation of mercuric sulfide at near 100% efficiency.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing and removing mercury in industrial gases, such as a flue gas, produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, adds sulfide ions to the flue gas as it passes through a scrubber. The scrubber may be either a wet or dry scrubber for flue gas desulfurization systems.

Abstract: A CO2 removal and sequestration system uses a limestone bed of coarse crushed limestone covering pipes which carry a flue gas. The pipes have spaced openings which permit flue gas to pass into the limestone bed. Water fills the bed to about {fraction (2/3 )} of the height of the limestone, which is higher than the depth of the pipes. The water flows through the bed at a predetermined rate. The bed is arranged as a series of parallel rows of beds with open channels between each pair of adjacent rows. The open channels are alternating water inlet and outlet channels. A flue gas delivery system includes headers and manifolds for distributing the flue gas at sufficient pressure to overcome existing water pressure at the pipe openings. The process includes the steps of removing CO2 from the flue gas in the bed, dissolving CO2 in the water in the bed, and then returning the water/CO2 to the ocean, river, lake or other area which may be used to store CO2.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing and removing mercury in industrial gases, such as a flue gas, produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, adds sulfide ions to the flue gas as it passes through a scrubber. Ideally, the source of these sulfide ions may include at least one of: sulfidic waste water, kraft caustic liquor, kraft carbonate liquor, potassium sulfide, sodium sulfide, and thioacetamide. The sulfide ion source is introduced into the scrubbing liquor as an aqueous sulfide species. The scrubber may be either a wet or dry scrubber for flue gas desulfurization systems.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for sulfur recovery uses a scrubber tower with a plurality of vertically spaced scrubber trays in the tower. Sulfide-lean liquor is supplied to each of the trays and an acid gas is supplied to the tower below the trays. A downcomer extends in the tower and through the trays for accumulating liquid from the trays and moving the liquid to the bottom of the tower. The sulfide-lean liquor and acid gas are selected to form a sulfite-rich or sulfide-rich liquor in each of the trays which are brought to the bottom of the tower through the downcomer for removal from the tower.

Abstract: Chlorine and sulfide species are separately introduced to a flue gas passing through a scrubber in order to remove the elemental and oxidized mercury from the gas through the precipitation of mercuric sulfide at near 100% efficiency.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing clean, sweet, fuel gas for use in a combustion process and for producing other useful products by processing a waste stream from digestion of lignocellulosic material. Essentially, the waste stream is partially oxidized to form hot gases and molten salts. The hot gases and molten salts are then cooled using a quench liquor to form quenched gas and carbonate liquor. Particles are removed from the quenched gas to form a raw fuel gas, preferably by subjecting the quenched gas to a multi-step fume reduction process which includes heat extraction from the quenched gas to reduce particulate load and water content of the quenched gas to form a low fume fuel gas. H2S is removed from the low fume fuel gas using an H2S removal process which is more selective for H2S than it is for CO2, the removing step forming clean, sweet, fuel gas and acid gases.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing mercury in industrial gases such as the flue gas produced by the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal adds hydrogen sulfide to the flue gas in or just before a scrubber of the industrial process which contains the wet scrubber. The method and apparatus of the present invention is applicable to installations employing either wet or dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization systems.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing mercury in industrial gases such as the flue gas produced by the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal adds hydrogen sulfide to the flue gas in or just before a scrubber of the industrial process which contains the wet scrubber. The method and apparatus of the present invention is applicable to installations employing either wet or dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization systems. The present invention uses kraft green liquor as a source for hydrogen sulfide and/or the injection of mineral acids into the green liquor to release vaporous hydrogen sulfide in order to form mercury sulfide solids.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for ultra-high particulate collection of sub-micron aerosols in a fuel gas conveys the fuel gas to a first venturi scrubber for removing a relatively large amount of particulates and leaving a smaller particulate load which is not removable in the first venturi scrubber. The fuel gas with the smaller particulate load is then conveyed to an electrostatic agglomerator for agglomerating the remaining smaller particles in the smaller particle load into larger particles. The fuel gas with the agglomerated larger particles is then conveyed to a second venturi scrubber for removing the agglomerated larger particles.

Abstract: An integrated flue gas treatment and condensing heat exchanger is used to scrub sulfur dioxide from the flue gas produced by a power boiler used in a paper mill operating a kraft process. Sensible and latent heat from the flue gas is recovered and the condensate effluent from the condensing heat exchanger contains valuable chemicals that are returned to and used in the kraft process.

Abstract: A method for controlling emissions of a fossil fuel fired boiler including a high temperature fabric filter house with an SCR catalyst situated therein for receiving flue gases along with an injected ammoniacal compound and sorbent. The sorbent reacts with the SO.sub.x while the ammoniacal compound reduces the NO.sub.x in the presence of the SCR catalyst inside the high temperature fabric filter house. Both the SO.sub.x and the particulates are removed upstream of the SCR catalyst to diminish the problems of SO.sub.2 or SO.sub.3 poisoning of the catalyst and erosion and fouling of the catalyst with the fly ash. Since the sulfur oxides and particulates are removed prior to the heat recovery system, the fouling and corrosion potential are substantially decreased thus allowing the heat recovery system to be operated at a lower outlet flue gas temperature which yields an incremental improvement in energy recovery.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling emissions of a fossil fuel fired boiler including a high temperature fabric filter house with an SCR catalyst situated therein for receiving flue gases along with an injected ammoniacal compound and sorbent. The sorbent reacts with the SO.sub.x while the ammoniacal compound reduces the NO.sub.x in the presence of the SCR catalyst inside the high temperature fabric filter house. Both the SO.sub.x and the particulates are removed upstream of the SCR catalyst to diminish the problems of SO.sub.2 or SO.sub.3 poisoning of the catalyst and erosion and fouling of the catalyst with the fly ash. Since the sulfur oxides and particulates are removed prior to the heat recovery system, the fouling and corrosion potential are substantially decreased thus allowing the heat recovery system to be operated at a lower outlet flue gas temperature which yields an incremental improvement in energy recovery.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling emissions of a fossil fuel fired boiler including a high temperature fabric filter house with an SCR catalyst situated therein for receiving flue gases along with an injected ammoniacal compound and sorbent. The sorbent reacts with the SO.sub.x while the ammoniacal compound reduces the NO.sub.x in the presence of the SCR catalyst inside the high temperature fabric filter house. Both the SO.sub.x and the particulates are removed upstream of the SCR catalyst to diminish the problems of SO.sub.2 or SO.sub.3 poisoning of the catalyst and erosion and fouling of the catalyst with the fly ash. Since the sulfur oxides and particulates are removed prior to the heat recovery system, the fouling and corrosion potential are substantially decreased thus allowing the heat recovery system to be operated at a lower outlet flue gas temperature which yields an incremental improvement in energy recovery.

Abstract: A method for treating effluent seawater used in a process for desulfurizing flue gas includes aerating the effluent seawater in an aeration pond. The aerated effluent seawater is then channeled through a bed of crushed limestone for raising the pH of the seawater to at least 7.8. The seawater is then channeled back to the fresh seawater source, such as an ocean, without causing any harm to the environment. Fresh limestone is periodically added to the bed and the size of the bed is varied depending on the amount of effluent seawater to be treated.

Abstract: A method for cleaning a flue gas containing flyash, sulfur dioxide and other contaminants includes providing a slurry source having a slurry of primarily water, magnesium sulfite and magnesium hydroxide along with small quantities of magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride. The flyash is first removed from the flue gas and the flue gas is sprayed with the slurry for forming reaction products in the flue gas. The reaction products are then collected from the flue gas and a first portion of the reaction products is provided to the slurry source. A remaining portion of the reaction products is heated for decomposing into sulfur dioxide and magnesium oxide. The magnesium oxide is then provided to the slurry source. Magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride are purged from the slurry source.

Abstract: A closed combustion system is used to incinerate hazardous wastes and vitrify ash. An incinerator is provided with pure oxygen, hazardous waste and fuel for incinerating the hazardous waste. Slag from the incinerator is treated separately. Combusted products from the incinerator such as flue gases, liquids, solids and ash are channeled through the system and recirculated back to the incinerator for incineration. A dust collector is used to collect ash from the combusted product and recirculate back to the incinerator. A condensing heat exchanger is used to collect and dispose of waste liquids. Filters are used for filtering particulates from the combusted product. A CaO pebble bed is provided for causing reactions with the flue gases. Remaining insert gas in the system are bled into the atmosphere. Flue gases from the system are recirculated back into the pure oxygen for entry into the incinerator in order to provide temperature control.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of scrubbing acid gas from flue gas comprises slats which define a moving bed of scrubbing material which is capable of reacting with the acid gas to form reaction products on particles of the scrubbing material. Flue gas from a boiler or other sources of flue gas is passed through the moving bed of scrubbing material. The scrubbing material is sprayed with water to the saturation point for increasing the rate of reaction between the reaction gas on the scrubbing material. The scrubbing material leaving the bottom of the moving bed is subjected to a separation step which removes the reaction products as fine dust which is disgarded, and returns the now regenerated particles of scrubbing material to the top of the moving bed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of scrubbing acid gas from flue gas comprises slats which define a moving bed of scrubbing material which is capable of reacting with the acid gas to form reaction products on particles of the scrubbing material. Flue gas from a boiler or other sources of flue gas is passed through the moving bed of scrubbing material. The scrubbing material is sprayed with water to the saturation point for increasing the rate of reaction between the reaction gas on the scrubbing material. The scrubbing material leaving the bottom of the moving bed is subjected to a separation step which removes the reaction products as fine dust which is disgarded, and returns the now regenerated particles of scrubbing material to the top of the moving bed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for sampling gas containing a reactive particulate solid phase flowing through a duct and for communicating a representative sample to a gas analyzer. A sample probe sheath 32 with an angular opening 34 extends vertically into a sample gas duct 30. The angular opening 34 is opposite the gas flow. A gas sampling probe 36 concentrically located within sheath 32 along with calibration probe 40 partly extends in the sheath 32. Calibration probe 40 extends further in the sheath 32 than gas sampling probe 36 for purging the probe sheath area with a calibration gas during calibration.