Abstract: A battery electrolyte solution contains from 0.001 to 20% by weight of certain phosphorus-sulfur compounds. The phosphorus-sulfur compound performs effectively as a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) forming material. The phosphorus-sulfur compound has little adverse impact on the electrical properties of the battery, and in some cases actually improves battery performance. Batteries containing the electrolyte solution form robust and stable SEIs even when charged at high rates during initial formation cycles.

Abstract: A process for producing a chlorohydrin, an ester of a chlorohydrin, or a mixture thereof including the steps of contacting, in a hydrochlorination reactor, a multihydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon, an ester of a multihydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof with a source of a hydrogen chloride, in the presence of a hydrophobic or extractable carboxylic acid catalyst is provided.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated alkanes are provided. The present processes comprise reacting one or more mono- and/or dichloroalkanes to form tri-, tetra- and/or pentachloroalkanes, with high regioselectivity. In those embodiments wherein a dichloroalkane is desirably utilized, it may advantageously be a vicinal dichloroalkane. Further, only one catalyst is utilized. The present processes make use of sulfuryl chloride as a chlorinating agent, rather than a gaseous chlorinating agent such as chlorine gas. Finally, the process uses lower intensity process conditions than at least some conventional processes, and thus, operating costs are saved.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated propenes are provided. The present processes make use of 1,2-dichloropropane, a by-product in the production of chlorohydrin, as a low cost starting material, alone or in combination with 1,2,3-trichloropropane. The present processes can also generate anhydrous HCl as a byproduct that can be removed from the process and used as a feedstock for other processes, providing further time and cost savings. Finally, the processes are advantageously conducted in the liquid phase, thereby presenting additional savings as compared to conventional, gas phase processes.

Abstract: The use of sulfuryl chloride, either alone or in combination with chlorine, as a chlorinating agent is disclosed.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated alkanes are provided. The present processes comprise reacting one or more mono- and/or dichloroalkanes to form tri-, tetra- and/or pentachloroalkanes, with high regioselectivity. In those embodiments wherein a dichloroalkane is desirably utilized, it may advantageously be a vicinal dichloroalkane. Further, only one catalyst is utilized. The present processes make use of sulfuryl chloride as a chlorinating agent, rather than a gaseous chlorinating agent such as chlorine gas. Finally, the process uses lower intensity process conditions than at least some conventional processes, and thus, operating costs are saved.

Abstract: The present invention provides continuous, gas phase, free radical processes for the production of chlorinated and/or fluorinated propenes or higher alkenes from the reaction of chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkanes and chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkenes, wherein wherein at least a portion of any intermediate boiler by-products generated by the process are removed from the process.

Abstract: The present invention provides isothermal multitube reactors suitable for the production of chlorinated and/or fluorinated propene and higher alkenes from the reaction of chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkanes and chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkenes. The reactors utilize a feed mixture inlet temperature at least 20° C. different from a desired reaction temperature.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated and/or fluonnated propenes provide good product yield with advantageous impurity profiles in the crude product. Advantageously, the processes may be conducted at lower temperatures than 600° C., or less than 500° C., so that energy savings are provided, and/or at higher pressures so that high throughputs may also be realized. The use of catalysts or initiators may provide additional enhancements to conversion rates and selectivity, as may adjustments to the molar ratio of the reactants.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated propanes and propenes are provided. The present processes comprise catalyzing at least one chlorination step with one or more regios elective catalysts that provide a regioselectivity to one chloropropane of at least 5:1 relative to other chloropropanes.

Abstract: The present invention appreciates that compounds comprising ester linkages and nitrogen-containing moieties that are at least divalent (e.g., urea, urethane, amide, etc.) can be crosslinked with azides to form membranes that are resistant to C02 plasticization, that are selective for acid gases relative to nonpolar gases such as hydrocarbons, and that have high acid gas flux characteristics. The resultant membranes have stable structure and stable separation properties at higher temperatures and pressures. The membranes are compatible with many industrial processes in which polar gases are separated from nopolar gases. In an exemplary mode of practice, the membranes can be used to separate acid gases from the hydrocarbon gases in natural or non-acid gas components of flue gas mixtures (e.g., N2, O2, etc.).

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated propenes are provided. The present processes make use of a feedstream comprising 1,2-dichloropropane, a by-product in the production of chlorohydrin, as a low cost starting material, alone or in combination with 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Selectivity of the process is enhanced over conventional processes employing successive chlorinations and/or dehydrochlorinations, by conducting at least one chlorination in the presence of an ionic chlorination catalyst. The present processes may also generate anhydrous HCl as a byproduct that can be removed from the process and used as a feedstock for other processes, providing further time and cost savings.

Abstract: Processes for the production of alkenes are provided. The processes make use of methane as a low cost starting material.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated alkanes are provided. The present processes comprise catalyzing the chlorination of a feedstream comprising one or more alkanes and/or alkenes with a catalyst system comprising one or more inorganic iodine salts and/or lower than conventional levels of elemental iodine and at least one Lewis acid. The processes are conducted in a nonaqueous media, and so, the one or more inorganic iodine salts are recoverable and/or reusable, in whole or in part.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated alkanes are provided. The present processes comprise catalyzing the addition of at least two chlorine atoms to an alkane and/or alkene with a catalyst system comprising one or more nonmetallic iodides and/or lower than conventional levels of elemental iodine and at least one Lewis acid. The present processes make use of sulfuryl chloride, or chlorine gas, as a chlorinating agent.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated propenes are provided. The present processes make use of a feedstream comprising 1,2-dichloropropane, a by-product in the production of chlorohydrin, as a low cost starting material, alone or in combination with 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Selectivity of the process is enhanced over conventional processes employing successive chlorinations and/or dehydrochlorinations, by conducting at least one chlorination in the presence of an ionic chlorination catalyst. The present processes may also generate anhydrous HCl as a byproduct that can be removed from the process and used as a feedstock for other processes, providing further time and cost savings.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated and/or fluonnated propenes provide good product yield with advantageous impurity profiles in the crude product. Advantageously, the processes may be conducted at lower temperatures than 600° C., or less than 500° C., so that energy savings are provided, and/or at higher pressures so that high throughputs may also be realized. The use of catalysts or initiators may provide additional enhancements to conversion rates and selectivity, as may adjustments to the molar ratio of the reactants.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated propenes are provided. The present processes make use of 1,2-dichloropropane, a by-product in the production of chlorohydrin, as a low cost starting material, alone or in combination with 1,2,3-trichloropropane. The present processes can also generate anhydrous HCl as a byproduct that can be removed from the process and used as a feedstock for other processes, providing further time and cost savings. Finally, the processes are advantageously conducted in the liquid phase, thereby presenting additional savings as compared to conventional, gas phase processes.

Abstract: The present invention provides continuous, gas phase, free radical processes for the production of chlorinated and/or fluorinated propenes or higher alkenes from the reaction of chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkanes and chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkenes, wherein wherein at least a portion of any intermediate boiler by-products generated by the process are removed from the process

Abstract: The present invention provides isothermal multitube reactors suitable for the production of chlorinated and/or fluorinated propene and higher alkenes from the reaction of chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkanes and chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkenes. The reactors utilize a feed mixture inlet temperature at least 20° C. different from a desired reaction temperature.