Abstract: Samples of commercial cellulose having high crystallinity (>80%) and a degree of polymerization of approximately 1500 were pretreated enzymatically under various conditions with commercial endoglucanases, before the chemical conversion to substituted cellulose derivatives was carried out. The enzymatically pretreated cellulose samples exhibited a significantly higher substitution, up to 222% higher, in comparison with control samples which had been treated with buffer without enzyme. The increase in substitution during the chemical reaction could be observed in the presence of various amounts of alkali, but fell as the amounts of alkali decreased. At the same degree of substitution of the cellulose derivative, the use of cellulose pretreated with endoglucanase significantly reduced the amount of alkali required by 60%, as compared with the use of cellulose pretreated only with buffer.

Abstract: A method, and associated apparatus, formats asynchronous data, such as ATM data traffic, and synchronous data, such as synchronous voice traffic, pursuant to a common format. Once formatted pursuant to the common format, data generated during operation of two different types of communication systems can be communicated over a common radio link. A single frequency band can be used to communicate communication signals generated during operation of at least two separate communication systems.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of branched and/or crosslinked polyamino-ethers in which polyamino-ethers, which are prepared from glycol dichlorohydrins or polyglycol dichlorohydrins and diamines and still contain free chlorohydrin groups, are crosslinked in an essentially aqueous solution under alkaline conditions under the influence of heat.

Abstract: The present invention relates to thermoplastic and biodegradable polysaccharide esters/polysaccharide ether esters, which are characterised in that they can be represented by the general structure ##STR1## wherein Polysaccharide-O represents the substituted OH groups of a polymeric saccharide unit and wherein A is a linear polyether chain of the following structureA=(E--O)nwherein E signifies a linear aliphatic or aromatic branched or unbranched chain having 2 to 11 C atoms, n is an integer equal to or greater than 0 and both B and D are a maleic acid addition product of the following structure ##STR2## wherein F is an aliphatic, saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated carbon skeleton, which may optionally be provided with further substituents and wherein C can be a hydrogen atom, one or more substituents from the group dihydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl, methyl, ethyl, benzyl, dihydroxypropyl, carboxyalkyl, sulphoalkyl or cyanoethyl.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel thermoplastic, biodegradable polysaccharide ether esters, such as for example cellulose ether esters or starch ether esters, and to the production of such graft copolymers from polysaccharides, epoxides and dicarboxylic acid anhydrides and to the use thereof, for example as moldings, films or coatings.

Abstract: Superabsorbent polymers based on partly hydrolysed homopolymers and/or copolymers of acrylonitrile which are cross-linked through the incorporation of polyfunctional monomers, wherein 30 to 80 mol-% of the nitrile groups are converted into carboxylate groups, 20 to 70 mol-% of the nitrile groups are converted into carbonamide groups and 0 mol-% to 20 mol-% of the nitrile groups are unchanged, and the said cross-linked polymers possess a swelling capacity of 700 g/g in water and of up to 60 g/g in physiological saline and a gel strength of from 20 g to 100 g, their preparation and their use.

Abstract: A method for preparing a chloroethylglucopyranose which comprisesa) reacting glucose with from 2 to 10 times the molar amount of chloroethanol at from 100.degree. to 130.degree. C. in the absence of a catalyst, optionally removing water,b) further reacting the product of step (a) at 60.degree. to 90.degree. C. in the presence of an acidic catalyst for from 10 to 600 minutes andc) Separating therefrom the chloroethylglucopyranose.

Abstract: At least two receiving branches receive incoming signals corresponding to a transmitted data sequence. Each branch includes an equalizer for producing an estimate of the transmitted data sequence, and providing for each data element a reliability information signal representing a computed probability that the data symbol or value for that element is correct. The receiver selects as a most probable estimate the symbol or value having the highest sum of the reliability information signals from the receive branches. Preferably, for a binary system, each branch provides a single numerical value whose sign identifies the symbol (e.g., 1 or 0), and whose absolute value is its probability. The single numerical values from the branches are simply added to determine the best estimate for that element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel thermoplastic, water-insoluble cellulose hydroxyalkyl hydroxycarboxylic acid esters of the general structureCell--O--Rwhere Cell--O is the substituted OH group of a polymeric cellulose unit and R is either a monomeric and/or polymeric hydroxyalkylether hydroxycarboxylic acid ester of the structure X:X=--A--B--in which A is a linear polyether chain:A=(--D--O--).sub.nin which D signifies a linear aliphatic branched or unbranched chain with 2 to 11 C atoms and n is a whole number equal to or greater than 1, and B is a linear polyester chain: ##STR1## in which E signifies a linear aliphatic branched or unbranched chain with 2 to 5 C atoms and m is a whole number equal to or greater than 1, or R is equal to A or B or X and a combination thereof in any ratio, or R is equal to H (hydrogen) according to the degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit (max. 3) with A, B or X, and a process for their production and use of these cellulose derivatives as biodegradable mouldings.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of water-soluble, cationic amine polymers by the continuous or batch-wise reaction of a polymer having primary, secondary or tertiary amine functions in its side chain or primary chain as a starting material, wherein the reaction is carried out with an epoxide, a glycidyl ether or a mixture of different epoxides and glycidyl ethers in aqueous solution without additional solvent at a temperature of 30.degree. to 90.degree. C. and at a pH of 8 to 14 within 3 to 30 minutes, the epoxides or glycidyl ethers are added as one batch or in portions, and after adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution of the cationic polymer, which is >13.5 after the reaction with epoxide or glycidyl ether, using a mineral or carboxylic acid, the product solution is obtained without additional work-up steps.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the continuous production of polyacrylonitrile hydrolyzates and to their use as dispersion and grinding aids for pigments and fillers, such as for example kaolin, CaCO.sub.3 or gypsum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transmission system comprising a transmitter (100) which includes a coder for coding an information signal (11) into a digital signal (11, 12) constituted by the information signal (11) and a redundancy signal (12), the redundancy signal (12) being generated by way of a cyclic code from the information signal (11 ), and comprising a receiver (101) which includes a decoder with a storage unit (2) for storing the information signal (11) and with an error correction means which has an optionally feedback shift register (3) for processing the digital signal (11, 12). The transmission system is to make both the correction of burst errors as well as the correction of random errors possible in a single error correction means. There is proposed that the error correction means of the decoder comprises a burst error detection means (4) for producing a first error information signal (B) from predeterminable storage contents (S.sub.0 . . . S.sub.

Abstract: A diversity receiver having at least two receive branches, and only one equalizer. Each receive branch includes a matched filter and circuits for forming an autocorrelation function for each estimated impulse response of the individual receive branches. A first adder circuit adds the output signals, weighted with weighting factors of the matched filters to form a first sum. A second adder circuit add the autocorrelation functions weighted with weighting factors to form a second sum. The weight factors are approximately inversely proportional to the instaneous noise power in each receive a branch. An equalizer evaluates the two sums.

Abstract: Unsaturated polyester polyurethanes based on an allyl-ether-modified polyester A and a polyisocyanate B are suitable for paints having improved hardness and appearance.

Abstract: A receiver for a digital transmission system in which transmitted data contain a training data sequence, and the receiver stores a copy of that sequence as it was transmitted. A channel impulse response is estimated based on this stored copy. The received training data sequence is compared with a version of the stored copy that has been modified by the estimated impulse response, and an estimate of the receiving quality is formed based on the degree of match with the modified version.

Abstract: An aerosol generator useful as an atomizer for controllably and reproduci producing wet or dry aerosols for inhalation studies, including a nebulizer for producing an aerosol from a liquid and an air stream, a liquid dosing device such as a step dosing pump for controllably feeding a liquid to be atomized to the neubilizer, an apparatus such as a mass flow controller for regulating the flow of an air stream to the nebulizer to provide an amount needed to atomize the liquid, and optionally to dilute the resulting aerosol, a conduit for conveying the aerosol formed in the nebulizer to an aerosol exposure chamber, a measuring device such as a light-scattering diffusion photometer into which a sample of the aerosol is introduced for determining the concentration of the aerosol, and a control unit for controlling the liquid supply device and the adjustable air supply to produce an aerosol having a predetermined desired concentration; the control unit being operated either manually or by a computer responsive to me

Abstract: In a digital transmission system having a dispersive transmission channel, so-called Soft Decision Decoding of the data elements is carried out utilizing reliability information which is a probability function indicating with what probability the data elements correspond with the transmitted data elements. This reliability information is generated by means of Viterbi-like equalizer in that respectively from first and second mutually exclusive sets of all possible paths along transitions between multibit states, corresponding to sequential bit values, the first set characterized by the n last bit value being binary "zero" and the second set characterized by the n last bit value being binary "one", the paths having the smallest probability function are selected and the reliability information is produced from the ratio between the probability functions of the paths selected from the respective sets.

Abstract: A shearing machine with shearing heads or drums rotatably mounted on a luffable shearing arm and a loading ramp or a conveyor running in the direction of the heading face for receiving and conveying away the sheared material. The loading ramp or the conveyor is supported displaceably in the longitudinal direction of the shearing machine on the machine frame and the horizontal luffing axis of the shearing arm runs transversely to the longitudinal direction of the machine and is mounted adjustably relative to the machine frame in the longitudinal direction of the machine. The adjustment movement of the horizontal luffing axis of the shearing arm is coupled to the adjusting movement of the loading ramp or of the conveyor. The shearing arm is mounted on a bearing bracket which is connected to a carriage. The carriage is displaceable on guides running in the longitudinal direction of the machine and the bearing bracket is connected to a driver which is formed by a slot guide.

Abstract: Improved cellulose ester-polymer combinations contain a cellulose ester A and at least one polymerized monomer B of the following formula ##STR1## wherein the substituents have the meaning given in the description and wherein the particles of the combinations are essentially 0.1 to 10 mm in size.

Abstract: Improved cellulose ester dispersions in the aqueous phase contain dispersed particles which contain cellulose esters, a polymerized monomer A having a polymerizable double bond and a polymerized monomer B having at least two polymerizable double bonds.