Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method for processing write-on-copy for supporting a fork in a memory disaggregation system. The method includes, when a child process is generated in the event of a fork, processing the fork by copying a page table for disaggregated memory of a parent process to the child process and setting write protection on a page of the disaggregated memory; and processing write access to the write-protected page. Processing the write access may use at least one of a first handler corresponding to access to the write-protected page mapped to the page table, or a second handler corresponding to the write access to the write-protected page that is not mapped to the page table, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for memory management in a memory disaggregation environment. The method includes generating virtual memory based on multiple first memory devices, determining whether a condition for allocation acceleration is satisfied by the first memory devices, and allocating a memory page to the first memory devices based on whether the condition for allocation acceleration is satisfied.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for managing memory in a memory disaggregation environment. The method includes handling a required subblock within a block more preferentially than an additional block in the event of a page fault and handling a page fault for the block in which the required subblock is preferentially processed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for improving performance of a hypervisor in a memory disaggregation environment. The method includes allocating memory pages to a virtual machine in preset units, comparing the address range of the page frame to be returned with a preset page size, and removing an address space mapping for the page frame to be returned depending on a result of comparison with the preset page size. Removing the address space mapping comprises removing the address space mapping on the basis of contiguous page frames when the range of the page frame to be returned is equal to or greater than the preset page size.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for memory management in a memory disaggregation environment. The method includes generating virtual memory based on multiple first memory devices, determining whether a condition for allocation acceleration is satisfied by the first memory devices, and allocating a memory page to the first memory devices based on whether the condition for allocation acceleration is satisfied.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for verifying integrity in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for verifying integrity in a memory-disaggregated environment includes receiving write data and multiple hash values generated based on write data from a remote memory, and verifying integrity of the write data based on the write data and the hash values, wherein verifying the integrity of the write data comprises selecting a hash value for the integrity verification based on an access latency of the remote memory.

Abstract: An apparatus for memory integrated management in a cluster system including a plurality of physical nodes connected to each other by a network determines one of the plurality of physical nodes as a node to place a new virtual machine, allocates the first type of memory allocated to the one physical node to the new virtual machine as much as the memory capacity required by the new virtual machine, and distributes the second type of memory to a plurality of virtual machines running on the plurality of physical nodes by integrating and managing the second type of memory allocated to each of the plurality of physical nodes. In this case, the access speed of the second type of memory is faster than that of the first type of memory.

Abstract: A memory access method and device are provided. A memory access method may include: identifying, when an access to a page of a remote memory occurs, a type of the access; allocating a sparse buffer when the access is a sparse write; storing data for the sparse write in the sparse buffer; storing an address for the sparse write as a key and the sparse buffer as a value in a buffer table; and updating an instruction pointer to point to a next instruction.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes a photoresist coater applying a photoresist film on a substrate, a humidifier increasing an amount of moisture in an ambient to which the photoresist film on the substrate is exposed, and an exposer irradiating the photoresist film exposed to the ambient having the increased amount of moisture with light. The humidifier is disposed between the photoresist coater and the exposer.

Abstract: A memory access method and device are provided. A memory access method may include: identifying, when an access to a page of a remote memory occurs, a type of the access; allocating a sparse buffer when the access is a sparse write; storing data for the sparse write in the sparse buffer; storing an address for the sparse write as a key and the sparse buffer as a value in a buffer table; and updating an instruction pointer to point to a next instruction.

Abstract: An apparatus for genome sequence alignment attempts a search for the hash tables to align a target nucleotide sequence, from a hash table having a large seed size to a hash table having a small seed size, and when there is at least one matched seed to the target nucleotide sequence on a hash table, aligns the target nucleotide sequence by using candidate positions from the hash table without further hash table searching.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus for managing disaggregated memory, which is located in a virtual machine in a physical node. The apparatus is configured to select, depending on the proportion of valid pages, direct transfer between remote memory units or indirect transfer via local memory for each of the memory pages of the source remote memory to be migrated, among at least one remote memory unit used by the virtual machine, to transfer the memory pages of the source remote memory to target remote memory based on the direct transfer or the indirect transfer, and to release the source remote memory.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes a photoresist coater applying a photoresist film on a substrate, a humidifier increasing an amount of moisture in an ambient to which the photoresist film on the substrate is exposed, and an exposer irradiating the photoresist film exposed to the ambient having the increased amount of moisture with light. The humidifier is disposed between the photoresist coater and the exposer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for accelerating network transmission in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for accelerating network transmission in a memory-disaggregated environment includes copying transmission data to a transmission buffer of the computing node, when a page fault occurs during copy of the transmission data, identifying a location at which the transmission data is stored, setting a node in which a largest amount of transmission data is stored as a transmission node, and sending a transmission command to the transmission node.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for memory management in a memory disaggregation environment. The method includes generating virtual memory based on multiple first memory devices, determining whether a condition for allocation acceleration is satisfied by the first memory devices, and allocating a memory page to the first memory devices based on whether the condition for allocation acceleration is satisfied.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for verifying integrity in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for verifying integrity in a memory-disaggregated environment includes receiving write data and multiple hash values generated based on write data from a remote memory, and verifying integrity of the write data based on the write data and the hash values, wherein verifying the integrity of the write data comprises selecting a hash value for the integrity verification based on an access latency of the remote memory.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for accelerating network transmission in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for accelerating network transmission in a memory-disaggregated environment includes copying transmission data to a transmission buffer of the computing node, when a page fault occurs during copy of the transmission data, identifying a location at which the transmission data is stored, setting a node in which a largest amount of transmission data is stored as a transmission node, and sending a transmission command to the transmission node.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for migrating a virtual machine in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for migrating a virtual machine in a memory-disaggregated environment includes determining whether to migrate a virtual machine based on a number of accesses to a remote memory, establishing a migration policy for the virtual machine based on a remote memory access pattern, and determining a migration destination node based on the migration policy, wherein the migration policy includes a first migration policy corresponding to a case where the remote memory access pattern is sequential, and a second migration policy corresponding to a case where the remote memory access pattern is non-sequential.

Abstract: A photoresist composition including an organometallic compound, and a method for fabricating a semiconductor device using the same are provided. The photoresist composition may include an organometallic compound, a radical sensitizer including a structure of Chemical formula 2-1 or Chemical formula 2-2, and a solvent. In Chemical formula 2-1, A1 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and R1, R2 and R3 are each independently hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a hetero-functional group. In Chemical formula 2-2, A2 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a hetero-functional group.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus for managing disaggregated memory, which is located in a virtual machine in a physical node. The apparatus is configured to select, depending on the proportion of valid pages, direct transfer between remote memory units or indirect transfer via local memory for each of the memory pages of the source remote memory to be migrated, among at least one remote memory unit used by the virtual machine, to transfer the memory pages of the source remote memory to target remote memory based on the direct transfer or the indirect transfer, and to release the source remote memory.