Abstract: A directed acyclic graph (DAG) is generated to represent a namespace of a directory. In response to a request to create a new object with a specified name, a hash value bit sequence is computed for the name. A plurality of levels of the DAG are navigated using successive subsequences of the bit sequence to identify a candidate node for storing a new entry corresponding to the specified name. If the candidate node meets a split criterion, the new entry and at least a selected subset of entries of the candidate node's list of entries are distributed among a plurality of DAG nodes, including at least one new DAG node, using respective bit sequences obtained by applying the hash function for each distributed entry.

Abstract: A directed acyclic graph (DAG) is generated to represent a namespace of a directory. In response to a request to create a new object with a specified name, a hash value bit sequence is computed for the name. A plurality of levels of the DAG are navigated using successive subsequences of the bit sequence to identify a candidate node for storing a new entry corresponding to the specified name. If the candidate node meets a split criterion, the new entry and at least a selected subset of entries of the candidate node's list of entries are distributed among a plurality of DAG nodes, including at least one new DAG node, using respective bit sequences obtained by applying the hash function for each distributed entry.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for a communication system service upgrade, including: when a communication device prepares to be upgraded, an upgrade container device buffering message which currently needs to be sent to other network elements by the communication device into a sending buffer, and, when the communication device prepares to be upgraded and in an upgrade process, the upgrade container device receiving message which is transmitted to the communication device by other network elements and buffering the message into a receiving buffer; the upgrade container device sending the message in the sending buffer to destination network elements; thereby realizing an upgrade without interruption. The invention also provides an upgrade container device supporting the communication system service upgrade.

Abstract: A method for forming metal particles and fibers, including: mixing at least one of nanotubes and nanofibers with at least one metal salt to form a mixture, and decomposing and reducing the mixture. The method of syntheses metal nanoparticles and fibers, such as Cu, Pd, Pt, Ag and Au nanoparticles and Cu sub-micron fibers, by using carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers as templates.