Abstract: A method includes: obtaining, by a control device, a service requirement latency of transmitting a data stream from a first network device to a second network device; obtaining, by the control device, a network device transmission latency on a forwarding path and a link transmission latency on the forwarding path; and determining, by the control device based on the service requirement latency of the data stream and the network device transmission latency and the link transmission latency on the path for forwarding the data stream, a required bandwidth for transmitting the data stream.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure contemplates a data sending and receiving method and apparatus. A first FEC unit of a sending device sends, by using a first channel, a first data stream on which first FEC encoding has been performed; a second FEC unit of the sending device sends, by using a second channel, a second data stream on which second FEC encoding has been performed; and the sending device performs interleaving on the first data stream and the second data stream, to obtain an output data stream, and sends the output data stream to a receiving device.

Abstract: In a data processing method, a first device obtains at least one service flow, where any service flow in the at least one service flow includes a plurality of code blocks, and the code block includes a data unit and a type, or the code block includes a type, a type indication, and code block content; and the first device maps the plurality of code blocks to at least one PHY link based on a coding scheme of the code blocks, where the at least one PHY link is used to transmit the plurality of code blocks.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure contemplates a data sending and receiving method and apparatus. A first FEC unit of a sending device sends, by using a first channel, a first data stream on which first FEC encoding has been performed; a second FEC unit of the sending device sends, by using a second channel, a second data stream on which second FEC encoding has been performed; and the sending device performs interleaving on the first data stream and the second data stream, to obtain an output data stream, and sends the output data stream to a receiving device.

Abstract: A method includes: a first chip receives a first data stream from a second chip, where the first data stream is obtained through encoding by using a first forward error correction (FEC) code type; and the first chip re-encodes the first data stream at least once, to obtain a second data stream, where the second data stream is a concatenated FEC code stream obtained through encoding by using at least the first FEC code type and a second FEC code type.

Abstract: This application provides a codeword synchronization method, a communication device, a chip, and a chip system, and pertains to the field of communication technologies. The method includes: entering a synchronization position determining state in response to a start signal; determining a synchronization position in a received data sequence in the synchronization position determining state, where the synchronization position indicates a start position of a codeword in the data sequence; entering a loss-of-lock detection state in response to determining the synchronization position; and verifying, in the loss-of-lock detection state, a plurality of codewords selected based on the synchronization position, and re-entering the synchronization position determining state in response to a verification failure. According to the solutions of this application, codeword synchronization can be continuously implemented without inserting an additional alignment marker, thereby saving transmission resources.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus provides detection of malicious network traffic by analyzing, via a trained machine learning model, at least timing and flow duration features of extracted from monitored network traffic, the at least timing and flow duration features independent of content of the monitored network traffic; and predicting, via the trained machine learning model, from the analyzed at least timing and flow duration features that a cyber-attack has occurred or is occurring.

Abstract: A method for generating an Ethernet frame includes generating the Ethernet frame including a protection field, where a protection range of the protection field includes a destination MAC address field in the Ethernet frame. A method for processing an Ethernet frame includes receiving a plurality of bytes in the Ethernet frame, where the plurality of bytes include information about the destination MAC address field and information about the protection field; and checking information within the protection range of the protection field based on the information about the protection field.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure contemplates a data sending and receiving method and apparatus. A first FEC unit of a sending device sends, by using a first channel, a first data stream on which first FEC encoding has been performed; a second FEC unit of the sending device sends, by using a second channel, a second data stream on which second FEC encoding has been performed; and the sending device performs interleaving on the first data stream and the second data stream, to obtain an output data stream, and sends the output data stream to a receiving device.

Abstract: This application discloses an encoding method including: obtaining 2n groups of code stream blocks including control blocks and data blocks; and performing first encoding on the 2n groups of code stream blocks to obtain a target code block, where the target code block includes a type determined based on the control blocks in the 2n groups of code stream blocks and a data unit determined based on the control blocks and the data blocks in the 2n groups of code stream blocks. The decoding method includes: obtaining a target code block, and performing first decoding on the target code block based on a type and a data unit of the target code block, to obtain 2n groups of code stream blocks, where each group of code stream blocks includes a control block and a data block that are obtained based on the type and the data unit.

Abstract: This application discloses an encoding method, a decoding method, an apparatus, a device, a system, and a readable storage medium. The encoding method includes: obtaining 2n groups of code stream blocks including control blocks and data blocks; and performing first encoding on the 2n groups of code stream blocks to obtain a target code block, where the target code block includes a data unit and a type that is determined based on the control blocks in the 2n groups of code stream blocks, and the data unit is obtained by performing the first encoding on the data blocks included in the 2n groups of code stream blocks in an encoding manner determined based on the control blocks and the data blocks in the 2n groups of code stream blocks.

Abstract: An interface includes a first functional part and a second functional part. The first functional part is configured to implement processing dependent on a medium access control (MAC) rate, and the second functional part is configured to implement processing independent of the MAC rate.

Abstract: This application discloses a data transmission method, apparatus, device, and system. The data transmission method includes: A first module obtains at least one channel of first data encoded based on first FEC; converts the at least one channel of first data to obtain at least one channel of second data, where a sum of rates of the at least one channel of second data is not less than a sum of rates of the at least one channel of first data; and transmits the obtained at least one channel of second data. In the method, the at least one channel of first data is converted to obtain the at least one channel of second data whose sum of rates is not less than the sum of rates of the at least one channel of first data.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a data transmission method, an apparatus, a device, a system, and a readable storage medium. The data transmission method includes: A first module obtains first data, where the first data is data that is encoded by using a first FEC code type and on which first processing is performed, and the first processing includes interleaving processing. The first module encodes the first data based on a second FEC code type, to obtain a plurality of second codewords. The first module performs second processing on the plurality of second codewords, to obtain second data. The first module transmits the second data.

Abstract: A network device adds an extreme low latency (ELL) service packet to an ELL queue, and adds a (time sensitive) TS service packet to a TS queue. A packet in the TS queue is sent within a time window corresponding to the TS queue, and the packet in the TS queue is not allowed to be sent within a time period beyond the time window corresponding to the TS queue. When a remaining time period obtained by subtracting a time period required by a to-be-sent TS service packet within the time window from the time window is greater than or equal to a first threshold, a packet in the ELL queue is allowed to be sent within the time window corresponding to the TS queue. The first threshold is a time period required for sending one or more ELL service packets in the ELL queue.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application provide a preparation method of a silver nanowire with a circular cross section, which relates to the field of nanometre material technologies. In the embodiments of the present application, by heating a mixed solution of the silver nanowire with the pentagonal cross section, the reducing sugar, the oxygen reducing agent and the water, an unstable silver nanowire with the pentagonal cross section are transformed into a stable silver nanowire with the circular cross section, and then the risk that a transparent conductive films based on the silver nanowires lose conductivity is avoided. In addition, in terms of an optical performance testing, compared to conductive films based on the silver nanowires with the pentagonal cross section, conductive films based on the silver nanowires with the circular cross section have significantly reduced a haze.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure contemplates a data sending and receiving method and apparatus. A first FEC unit of a sending device sends, by using a first channel, a first data stream on which first FEC encoding has been performed; a second FEC unit of the sending device sends, by using a second channel, a second data stream on which second FEC encoding has been performed; and the sending device performs interleaving on the first data stream and the second data stream, to obtain an output data stream, and sends the output data stream to a receiving device.

Abstract: A clock synchronization method includes receiving, by a receiving apparatus, a plurality of data blocks using a plurality of physical layer modules (PHYs), where the plurality of data blocks include a plurality of head data blocks, performing, by the receiving apparatus, timestamp sampling on the plurality of data blocks to generate a plurality of receipt timestamps, aligning, by the receiving apparatus, the plurality of receipt timestamps using a first receipt timestamp as a reference, generating, by the receiving apparatus, a clock synchronization packet based on the plurality of data blocks, and writing, by the receiving apparatus, a value of a second receipt timestamp into the clock synchronization packet, where the second receipt timestamp is a receipt timestamp that is of a second data block and that is determined based on the plurality of aligned receipt timestamps.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure contemplates a data sending and receiving method and apparatus. A first FEC unit of a sending device sends, by using a first channel, a first data stream on which first FEC encoding has been performed; a second FEC unit of the sending device sends, by using a second channel, a second data stream on which second FEC encoding has been performed; and the sending device performs interleaving on the first data stream and the second data stream, to obtain an output data stream, and sends the output data stream to a receiving device and error correction capability of a receiving device could be improved. In addition, in the present disclosure, an operation of writing by row and reading by column does not need to be performed. Therefore, no delay is generated.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method for sending and receiving a clock synchronization packet in FlexE. The method includes: generating, by a sending apparatus, indication information and a plurality of data blocks, where the plurality of data blocks are obtained by encoding a first clock synchronization packet, the indication information is used to indicate a first data block, and the first data block is a data block used for timestamp sampling in the plurality of data blocks; determining, by the sending apparatus, according to the indication information, a moment at which the first data block arrives at a medium dependent interface MDI of the sending apparatus, and generating a sending timestamp, where the sending timestamp is used to record a sending moment of the first clock synchronization packet; generating a second clock synchronization packet carrying the sending timestamp; and sending, by the sending apparatus, the second clock synchronization packet.