Abstract: An apparatus includes a laminated bus bar assembly with first and second bus bars and an intervening insulator layer. A surge arrestor (e.g., a metal oxide varistor) has a body mounted on the bus bar assembly and first and second terminals on first and second opposite sides of the body. In some embodiments, the body may be at least partially disposed in an opening in the first bus bar and the second terminal may be conductively bonded to a surface of the second bus bar that faces the insulator layer. In some embodiments, the second terminal may include a conductive stud passing through an opening in the second bus bar. The apparatus may include a spring clamp attached to the first bus bar and contacting the first side of the body to retain the body.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a laminated bus bar assembly with first and second bus bars and an intervening insulator layer. A surge arrestor (e.g., a metal oxide varistor) has a body mounted on the bus bar assembly and first and second terminals on first and second opposite sides of the body. In some embodiments, the body may be at least partially disposed in an opening in the first bus bar and the second terminal may be conductively bonded to a surface of the second bus bar that faces the insulator layer. In some embodiments, the second terminal may include a conductive stud passing through an opening in the second bus bar. The apparatus may include a spring clamp attached to the first bus bar and contacting the first side of the body to retain the body.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a laminated bus bar assembly with first and second bus bars and an intervening insulator layer. A surge arrestor (e.g., a metal oxide varistor) has a body mounted on the bus bar assembly and first and second terminals on first and second opposite sides of the body. In some embodiments, the body may be at least partially disposed in an opening in the first bus bar and the second terminal may be conductively bonded to a surface of the second bus bar that faces the insulator layer. In some embodiments, the second terminal may include a conductive stud passing through an opening in the second bus bar. The apparatus may include a spring clamp attached to the first bus bar and contacting the first side of the body to retain the body.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a laminated bus bar assembly with first and second bus bars and an intervening insulator layer. A surge arrestor (e.g., a metal oxide varistor) has a body mounted on the bus bar assembly and first and second terminals on first and second opposite sides of the body. In some embodiments, the body may be at least partially disposed in an opening in the first bus bar and the second terminal may be conductively bonded to a surface of the second bus bar that faces the insulator layer. In some embodiments, the second terminal may include a conductive stud passing through an opening in the second bus bar. The apparatus may include a spring clamp attached to the first bus bar and contacting the first side of the body to retain the body.

Abstract: An energy system includes renewable energy sources each including an inverter. The renewable source inverters are coupled to a distribution line in a manner wherein power combines additively. The system also includes an energy storage source including an energy storage inverter coupled to the distribution line between the point of interconnection and the renewable source inverters. Finally, a control system is structured to: (i) control a voltage at the point of interconnection by controlling a renewable source reactive power output by the renewable source inverters and an energy storage reactive power output by the energy storage inverter, and (ii) provide power ramp rate control for the renewable energy system by controlling at least one of a renewable source real power output by each of the renewable source inverters and a first energy storage real power output by the energy storage inverter.

Abstract: An energy system includes renewable energy sources each including an inverter. The renewable source inverters are coupled to a distribution line in a manner wherein power combines additively. The system also includes an energy storage source including an energy storage inverter coupled to the distribution line between the point of interconnection and the renewable source inverters. Finally, a control system is structured to: (i) control a voltage at the point of interconnection by controlling a renewable source reactive power output by the renewable source inverters and an energy storage reactive power output by the energy storage inverter, and (ii) provide power ramp rate control for the renewable energy system by controlling at least one of a renewable source real power output by each of the renewable source inverters and a first energy storage real power output by the energy storage inverter.

Abstract: A power management system includes an ultracapacitor and a charge shuttle including a power converter. The charge shuttle may be coupled with the ultracapacitor and may be configured to be coupled with a load. The charge shuttle can be configured to monitor one or more parameters of the load and the ultracapacitor, and to control energy flow between the load and the ultracapacitor based on or according to monitored parameters. The system may also include a battery or other rechargeable energy storage element.