Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of generating at least one long half-life free radical by an electrochemical cell, said apparatus having suitable electrode plates, which comprises the following steps: passing an aqueous solution containing unwanted contaminants through at least one pair of electrodes to which a DC electrical current is passed in such a fashion that at least one long half-life free radical is created which initiates an enduring, i.e. continuing, chain reaction which will consume or destroy any available contaminants, wherein the DC electrical current is controlled so as cause the potential difference across the electrochemical cell to be at a controlled rate to achieve a precise value within a specified time.

Abstract: An antenna assembly includes a first radiator, a second radiator, a feeding structure, and a decoupling apparatus. The first radiator includes a first radiation branch and a second radiation branch that have opposite bending directions, and a first gap exists between the first radiation branch and the second radiation branch. The second radiator includes a third radiation branch and a fourth radiation branch that have opposite bending directions, and a second gap exists between the third radiation branch and the fourth radiation branch. The feeding structure is electrically coupled to the first radiation branch and the third radiation branch. The first radiator and the second radiator share a common part, the common part is a common branch, and the common branch is electrically coupled to a grounding terminal of the antenna assembly through the decoupling apparatus.

Abstract: A Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator includes a splitter, two modulation arms, and a coupler. The two modulation arms include two optical transmission waveguides and two electrodes. The splitter is configured to perform power splitting on an optical carrier to obtain two optical carriers and input the two optical carriers to corresponding input ports of the two optical transmission waveguides, respectively. The two electrodes include a first electrode and a second electrode which are respectively configured to receive two differential electrical signals and apply the two differential electrical signals to the two optical transmission waveguides to change phases of the two optical carriers. Two input ends of the coupler are connected to output ports of the two optical transmission waveguides, respectively, and are configured to perform interference on the optical carriers whose phases are changed via the two modulation arms and output the optical carriers.

Abstract: An optical source switching apparatus including first optical sources, an optical cross-connect device, second optical sources, and a first coupler. The optical cross-connect device is connected to the first optical sources and the first coupler, and the first coupler is connected to the second optical source; both the first optical source and the second optical source are configured to output continuous optical energy, and the optical cross-connect device is configured to enable optical energy output by at least one of the first optical sources to enter the first coupler when at least one of the second optical sources fails; and the first coupler is configured to implement beam splitting of the optical energy output by the first optical source or the second optical source.

Abstract: A stylus pen includes a pen barrel extending along a longitudinal axis, and the pen barrel includes a main body, a pen nib part disposed at one end of the main body, and a pen end part disposed at another end of the main body and that corresponds to the pen nib part; and an antenna disposed on the main body of the pen barrel, where at least one part of the antenna is located outside the pen barrel and is close to the pen nib part and/or the pen end part, and the antenna comprises a loop antenna or a planar inverted-F antenna close to the pen end part.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for determining an engagement level of a user interacting with an electronic program, comprising receiving or determining a decision node tree, each node in the decision node tree corresponding to a user decision point in the electronic program, determining a number of levels in the decision node tree, determining a user traversed count comprising a number of levels the user has traversed in the decision node tree, and determining the engagement level of the user with the electronic program based upon the user traversed count and the number of levels in the decision node tree.

Abstract: This application provides an optical communication system, a vehicle, and an industrial optical network, and relates to the field of optical communications. A light source module in the optical communication system can be connected to a group of first nodes separately through two carrier bearer networks. Therefore, even if either carrier bearer network is faulty, the other carrier bearer network can continue to transmit an optical carrier, thereby effectively improving reliability of optical carrier transmission, and further improving reliability of the optical communication system. In addition, because the two carrier bearer networks are independent of each other and can work simultaneously, after either carrier bearer network is faulty, no failover is needed. This can avoid interrupted transmission of the optical carrier caused by the failover, and further avoid interrupted transmission of a service optical signal.

Abstract: A PN junction, a method for preparing a PN junction, and a modulator are disclosed. The PN junction includes a slab waveguide layer and a plurality of waveguides. The slab waveguide layer includes P-type doped regions and N-type doped regions, and a carrier-depletion region in a shape of S is formed at a boundary between the two types of regions. Each of the plurality of waveguides arranged at intervals includes a P-type doped region and an N-type doped region, and one carrier-depletion region is formed at a boundary between the two regions. Projections of the P-type doped regions, the N-type doped regions, and the carrier-depletion regions of the plurality of waveguides arranged at intervals on a surface of a slab waveguide region basically coincide with projections of corresponding regions of the slab waveguide layer on the surface of the slab waveguide region.

Abstract: An optical source switching apparatus including first optical sources, an optical cross-connect device, second optical sources, and a first coupler. The optical cross-connect device is connected to the first optical sources and the first coupler, and the first coupler is connected to the second optical source; both the first optical source and the second optical source are configured to output continuous optical energy, and the optical cross-connect device is configured to enable optical energy output by at least one of the first optical sources to enter the first coupler when at least one of the second optical sources fails; and the first coupler is configured to implement beam splitting of the optical energy output by the first optical source or the second optical source.

Abstract: An optical modulation and amplification apparatus, an optical module, an optical network unit, and an optical communication system are provided. The optical modulation and amplification apparatus includes an electric absorption modulator and a semiconductor optical amplifier. The electric absorption modulator and the semiconductor optical amplifier share a same substrate and a same multi-layer material structure. The multi-layer material structure includes, from bottom to top, at least a first quantum well, an electron blocking layer, a second quantum well, and an upper separate confinement layer. The electric absorption modulator is configured to modulate injection light by using the first quantum well, and the semiconductor optical amplifier is configured to amplify the injection light by using the second quantum well.

Abstract: An optical source switching apparatus including first optical sources, an optical cross-connect device, second optical sources, and a first coupler. The optical cross-connect device is connected to the first optical sources and the first coupler, and the first coupler is connected to the second optical source; both the first optical source and the second optical source are configured to output continuous optical energy, and the optical cross-connect device is configured to enable optical energy output by at least one of the first optical sources to enter the first coupler when at least one of the second optical sources fails; and the first coupler is configured to implement beam splitting of the optical energy output by the first optical source or the second optical source.

Abstract: Example optical signal processing apparatuses and methods are provided. One example apparatus includes: N light sources, a wavelength multiplexer, an optical processor, a dither application circuit, a first detection circuit, a second detection circuit, and a feedback control circuit. The light source generates a single-wavelength signal. The dither application circuit applies a dither signal to the light source. The wavelength multiplexer generates a multi-wavelength signal based on the single-wavelength signal. The first detection circuit is configured to obtain a first power signal of a signal input to the optical processor. The second detection circuit is configured to obtain a second power signal of a signal output from the optical processor. The feedback control circuit adjusts a working parameter of the optical processor based on the dither signal corresponding to the single-wavelength signal, the first power signal, and the second power signal.

Abstract: A cluster light source and a method for generating a cluster light source is disclosed. A multi-wavelength cluster light source includes a light source outputting a plurality of single-wavelength continuous-wave light having different wavelengths in parallel, an optical multiplexer combining combine the plurality of single-wavelength continuous-wave light into one multi-wavelength continuous-wave light, an optical splitter, and an optical amplifier array. The optical splitter is configured to perform power beam splitting on the multi-wavelength continuous-wave light, to output a plurality of multi-wavelength continuous-wave light. The optical amplifier array amplifies the plurality of multi-wavelength continuous-wave light, to output a plurality of other multi-wavelength continuous-wave light. Optionally, the cluster light source further includes a backup light source and an optical switch array.

Abstract: Example polarization processing optical devices, methods, and systems are disclosed. A polarization processing optical device includes a polarization beam splitter (PBS), a polarization rotator (PR), a coupler, and a phase tuner (PT), where one port of the PBS is configured to input a continuous light source, and the other two ports of the PBS are respectively connected to the PR and one port of the coupler, the PR is connected to another port of the coupler, the PT is disposed on a connection between the PBS and the coupler or a connection between the PR and the coupler, at least one port of the coupler is configured to output single-polarization light, and the PT is configured to control output optical power of the coupler.

Abstract: A stylus pen includes a pen barrel extending along a longitudinal axis, and the pen barrel includes a main body, a pen nib part disposed at one end of the main body, and a pen end part disposed at another end of the main body and that corresponds to the pen nib part; and an antenna disposed on the main body of the pen barrel, where at least one part of the antenna is located outside the pen barrel and is close to the pen nib part and/or the pen end part, and the antenna comprises a loop antenna or a planar inverted-F antenna close to the pen end part.

Abstract: An optical modulator includes a waveguide layer, an electro-optical material layer, and electrodes. The waveguide layer includes a sub-wavelength waveguide; the electro-optical material layer is disposed on a surface of the sub-wavelength waveguide, and the sub-wavelength waveguide is configured to diffuse a light field at the waveguide layer into the electro-optical material layer; the electrodes are disposed on a surface of the electro-optical material layer, and a connection line between the electrodes is parallel to a plane on which the electro-optical material layer is located, or the electrodes are disposed on two sides of the electro-optical material layer, and a connection line between the electrodes intersects with a plane on which the electro-optical material layer is located; and the electrodes are configured to apply an electrical signal to the electro-optical material layer.

Abstract: A wavelength calibration method for a microring filter includes selecting N wavelengths from M wavelengths, and performing operations on the microring filter for each of the N wavelengths, thereby obtaining N sets of calibrated voltages, and obtaining, based on N sets of calibrated voltages, M?N sets of calibrated voltages corresponding to M?N wavelengths of the M wavelengths. The operating include adjusting thermal tuning power of the plurality of microrings in response to one set of voltages, and obtaining a plurality of sets of voltages that enable monitored optical power to have an extreme value, and using the plurality of sets of voltages as a reference, adjusting the thermal tuning power of the plurality of microrings in response to another set of voltages, and determining one of the N sets of calibrated voltages from the plurality of sets of voltages.

Abstract: An optical source switching apparatus including first optical sources, an optical cross-connect device, second optical sources, and a first coupler. The optical cross-connect device is connected to the first optical sources and the first coupler, and the first coupler is connected to the second optical source; both the first optical source and the second optical source are configured to output continuous optical energy, and the optical cross-connect device is configured to enable optical energy output by at least one of the first optical sources to enter the first coupler when at least one of the second optical sources fails; and the first coupler is configured to implement beam splitting of the optical energy output by the first optical source or the second optical source.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for determining an engagement level of a user interacting with an electronic program, comprising receiving or determining a decision node tree, each node in the decision node tree corresponding to a user decision point in the electronic program, determining a number of levels in the decision node tree, determining a user traversed count comprising a number of levels the user has traversed in the decision node tree, and determining the engagement level of the user with the electronic program based upon the user traversed count and the number of levels in the decision node tree.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for determining an engagement level of a user interacting with an electronic program, comprising receiving or determining a decision node tree, each node in the decision node tree corresponding to a user decision point in the electronic program, determining a number of levels in the decision node tree, determining a user traversed count comprising a number of levels the user has traversed in the decision node tree, and determining the engagement level of the user with the electronic program based upon the user traversed count and the number of levels in the decision node tree.