Abstract: A heating device including: a rotating member for heating, an opposing member, which is arranged so as to be opposed to the rotating member, and forms a nip portion together with the rotating member, and a biasing member, which is arranged inside the rotating member, has an opposing surface with respect to an inner peripheral surface of the rotating member, and biases the rotating member to the opposing member. The inner peripheral surface and the opposing surface are brought into contact with each other via a grease composition to form a sliding portion. The grease composition contains a base oil. The base oil contains a fluoropolymer having a specific structure and a perfluoropolyether having a specific kinematic viscosity and a specific evaporation loss and having a specific structure.

Abstract: Provided is a pressurizing member including a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer, the surface layer containing a fluorine resin, wherein the surface layer has a surface resistivity of 1×1011[?/?] or less at a temperature of 25° C. when applying a DC voltage of 500 V, and a thermal conductivity ? in a thickness direction of the surface layer is 0.093 [W/(m·K)] or less.

Abstract: A fixing member having a base layer and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and having at least one pore communicating with an opening on an outer surface thereof. A composition containing perfluoropolyether and a fluoropolymer is contained in at least a part of the at least one pore. The fluoropolymer has a particular repeating unit composed of perfluoropolyether, and at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a T unit of siloxane and a Q unit of siloxane.

Abstract: A fixing member having an endless belt shape or a roller shape includes a base layer and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and has a pore communicating with an opening of an outer surface thereof. Perfluoropolyether is contained in at least a part of the pores. A ratio (E?(1)/E?(2)) is 0.60 to 1.00, where E?(1) is an average value of loss elastic moduli E? of the surface layer in a direction orthogonal to a circumferential direction of the fixing member measured at a frequency of 10 Hz at 100 to 150° C., and E?(2) is an average value of loss elastic moduli E? of the surface layer in a direction orthogonal to the circumferential direction of the fixing member measured at a frequency of 10 Hz at 100 to 150° C. after removal of the perfluoropolyether contained in the pore.

Abstract: A pressing rotating member comprising a base layer, an elastic layer and a surface layer, in this order, the surface layer having pores, wherein when placing an observation region of 8 ?m long×11 ?m wide at a cross section of the surface layer in a thickness direction of the surface layer—a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the pressing rotating member, a degree of orientation f of the pores observed in the observation region is 0.20 or higher, and an orientation angle ? of the pores observed in the observation region is 0° to 10°.

Abstract: Provided is a pressurizing member including a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer, the surface layer containing a fluorine resin, wherein the surface layer has a surface resistivity of 1×1011[?/?] or less at a temperature of 25° C. when applying a DC voltage of 500 V, and a thermal conductivity ? in a thickness direction of the surface layer is 0.093 [W/(m·K)] or less.

Abstract: Provided is a lubricant composition having small shear rate dependence of its apparent viscosity. The lubricant composition includes a perfluoropolyether as a base oil, and fluorine resin particles as a thickener. The lubricant composition further includes a fluorine-containing polymer having a tetrafluoroethylene structure under a state in which the polymer is dissolved in the perfluoropolyether.

Abstract: A pressing rotating member comprising a base layer, an elastic layer and a surface layer, in this order, the surface layer having pores, wherein when placing an observation region of 8 ?m long×11 ?m wide at a cross section of the surface layer in a thickness direction of the surface layer—a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the pressing rotating member, a degree of orientation f of the pores observed in the observation region is 0.20 or higher, and an orientation angle ? of the pores observed in the observation region is 0° to 10°.

Abstract: A fixing rotating member comprising a base layer, an elastic layer and a surface layer, in this order, the surface layer containing PFA and PFPE, and having pores with openings at a first surface; at least part of the pores containing the PFPE, wherein when after removing the PFPE in the pores, placing a first observation region on the first surface, defining a ratio of a sum of areas of the openings in the first observation region relative to an area of the first observation region as P1; and placing a second observation region in a cross section of the surface layer, and defining a ratio of a sum of areas of the pores in the second observation region relative to an area of the second observation region as P2, P2/P1 is 1.3 or higher.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing rotating member capable of maintaining high toner releasability over longer periods of time than in conventional instances and that is capable of maintaining abrasion resistance against paper; the fixing rotating member comprises a base layer, an elastic layer, and a surface layer, in this order; the surface layer containing a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer and a perfluoropolyether; the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer having pores formed therein; the surface layer has pores with openings at a first surface thereof, and constituting an outer surface of the fixing rotating member; at least part of the pores containing the perfluoropolyether; a content of the perfluoropolyether in the surface layer is 20 mass % to 60 mass %; and a degree of orientation A of molecules of the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether in a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the surface layer is 35 to 75%.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing member for electrophotography having excellent toner releasability even when used for a long time period. The fixing member includes a base layer, an elastic layer, and a surface layer in the stated order. The surface layer contains a fluorine resin and a fluorine oil having a perfluoropolyether structure. The mass P11 of an adhered substance including the fluorine oil, adhered in the unit area of the detection surface of a QCM sensor when a measurement sample collected from the surface layer is subjected to a predetermined treatment (i), is 1.0×102 ng or more and 1.0×104 ng or less, and the mass P12 of an adhered substance including the fluorine oil, adhered in the unit area of the detection surface of the QCM sensor when the sample is subjected to a predetermined treatment (ii), is 0.5×P11 or more and 1.2×P11 or less.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing member including a base layer, and a surface layer on an outer surface of the base layer directly or with a primer layer interposed between the base layer and the surface layer, in which the surface layer is constituted by a single layer, the surface layer contains a fluororesin, and fluorine oil having a perfluoropolyether structure, and as for a measurement sample taken from the surface layer, when subjecting to predetermined treatments (i) and (ii), masses of an adhered material adhered in a unit area of a detection surface of a QCM sensor and containing the fluorine oil are within specific ranges.

Abstract: Provided is a lubricant composition having small shear rate dependence of its apparent viscosity. The lubricant composition includes a perfluoropolyether as a base oil, and fluorine resin particles as a thickener. The lubricant composition further includes a fluorine-containing polymer having a tetrafluoroethylene structure under a state in which the polymer is dissolved in the perfluoropolyether.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing member in which hot offset of a toner is difficult to be generated. The fixing member has a substrate and a release layer as a surface layer, wherein the release layer includes PFPE and a second fluororesin, the second fluororesin being at least one selected from PFA and FEP, and in a 19F-NMR spectrum of the release layer measured at a temperature of 200° C., a relaxation time T1 of longitudinal relaxation of a peak derived from PFPE is 0.5 seconds or more and 3.5 seconds or less.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing member for electrophotography having excellent toner releasability even when used for a long time period. The fixing member includes a base layer, an elastic layer, and a surface layer in the stated order. The surface layer contains a fluorine resin and a fluorine oil having a perfluoropolyether structure. The mass P11 of an adhered substance including the fluorine oil, adhered in the unit area of the detection surface of a QCM sensor when a measurement sample collected from the surface layer is subjected to a predetermined treatment (i), is 1.0×102 ng or more and 1.0×104 ng or less, and the mass P12 of an adhered substance including the fluorine oil, adhered in the unit area of the detection surface of the QCM sensor when the sample is subjected to a predetermined treatment (ii), is 0.5×P11 or more and 1.2×P11 or less.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing member including a base layer, and a surface layer on an outer surface of the base layer directly or with a primer layer interposed between the base layer and the surface layer, in which the surface layer is constituted by a single layer, the surface layer contains a fluororesin, and fluorine oil having a perfluoropolyether structure, and as for a measurement sample taken from the surface layer, when subjecting to predetermined treatments (i) and (ii), masses of an adhered material adhered in a unit area of a detection surface of a QCM sensor and containing the fluorine oil are within specific ranges.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing member having an outer surface including excellent toner releasability and excellent scratch resistance, wherein the fixing member has a base material, an elastic layer, and a release layer in this order, the release layer including a tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and has a loss tangent at a frequency of 10 Hz and 180° C. of 5.0×10?2 or more and 3.0×10?1 or less.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing member includes: a substrate; and an elastic layer on the substrate, wherein the elastic layer contains a rubber and fillers dispersed in the rubber, and wherein an average value of area ratios of large-particle diameter fillers is 20% or more and 40% or less, and the large-particle diameter fillers have an average array degree fL of 0.00 or more and 0.15 or less, an average value of an area ratios of small-particle diameter fillers is 10% or more and 20% or less, the small-particle diameter fillers have an average array degree fS of 0.20 or more and 0.50 or less, and the small-particle diameter fillers have an average array angle ?S of 60° or more and 120° or less.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing member for a heat fixing apparatus which can further improve utilization efficiency of heat for heat fixing of an unfixed toner. A fixing member having an endless belt shape includes a substrate and an elastic layer on the substrate, wherein the elastic layer includes silicone rubber and a filler dispersed in the silicone rubber, and when a thermal conductivity of the elastic layer in a thickness direction is defined as ?nd, a thermal conductivity of the elastic layer in a circumferential direction is defined as ?td, and a thermal conductivity of the elastic layer in a width direction is defined as ?md, ?nd is 1.30 W/(m·K) or more, and ?nd, ?td, and ?md satisfy a relationship as shown below ?nd>?md>?td.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a fixing member that has a substrate, and a single layer of an elastic layer on the substrate, the elastic layer having a thickness of 100 ?m or more, and containing a binder and a filler, wherein the elastic layer contains the filler in a content of 30% by volume or more to 60% by volume or less based on the total volume of the elastic layer, and wherein, when a surface of the elastic layer facing to the substrate is defined as a first surface, and a surface of the elastic layer opposed to the first surface is defined as a second surface, an average value of ratios of an element derived from the filler is 0.0 atomic % or more to 6.0 atomic % or less in a region having a thickness of 6 ?m, from the first surface toward the second surface.