Abstract: A multi-layered microlens array substrate is disclosed. The substrate includes a first layer having a plurality of microlenses disposed at an object side of the substrate, a second layer having a plurality of microlenses disposed at an image side of the substrate and attached to a liquid crystal device, and a third layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer. A refractive index of the third layer is different from that of the first layer and the second layer. A focal point of a compound lens formed by the second layer and the third layer is positioned proximate to an interface between the third layer and the first layer so that incident beams incidenting on the focal point from the object side of the substrate in different angles are refracted through the substrate in a manner that those incident beams are focused on a pixel of the liquid crystal device that is disposed at a position that corresponds to the microlens of the first and second layers.

Abstract: The method of making a piston unit for an internal combustion engine incorporates the steps of pinching a melting core in a mold cavity of a piston mold wherein the melting core includes an inner ring that forms a ring shaped passage within a piston body, an outer ring and a plurality of coupling portions connected with between the inner ring and the outer ring. The method further includes pouring molten metallic alloy into the cavity and solidifying therein, removing the outer ring of the melting core, filling the space left by removal of the outer ring with reinforced material, and then melting the inner ring and the coupling portions of the melting core.

Abstract: A piston is formed with a rib which is formed on a base portion and is formed with through holes which is formed in such manner that the core is in contact with a projection portions of a holding die.

Abstract: Disclosed is a piston for an internal combustion engine, which includes a land portion, and a skirt portion including a non-coated portion which is formed in an arbitrary shape on a sliding portion thereof and a coated portion which is formed on a sliding portion thereof other than the sliding portion on which the non-coated portion is formed. When the piston is descending, an oil which has adhered on a cylinder bore is introduced into the non-coated portion and accordingly an oil film is established in the non-coated portion. Since the advantageous effects of the coated portion and the oil film are combined in the piston, the sliding resistance can be reduced remarkably. Hence, the coated portion can be inhibited from wearing out, and its function of the sliding resistance reduction can be maintained for a long period of time. In addition, since the non-coated portion does not work as a sliding surface, there arises a reduced sliding surface area which also results in the reduction of the sliding resistance.

Abstract: A piston comprises a crown part, a piston under part, a first shoulder at a thrust side formed between the crown part and the piston under part, a second shoulder at an anti-thrust side formed between the crown part and the piston under part, a first in-low part at the thrust side formed in the piston under part, and a second in-low part at the anti-thrust side formed in the piston under part, wherein a thickness of the first shoulder is formed thinner than a thickness of the second shoulder, and a height of the first in-low part is formed smaller than a height of the second in-low part.

Abstract: A piston installed into a cylinder of an engine includes annular projections formed in axially spaced relation on a top land facing a cylinder inner wall and having a saw-toothed cross-section in which the external diameter of the projections are such that, when cold, that adjacent the lower end of the top land is greater than that adjacent the upper end thereof. Thereby the effective clearance between the top land face and the cylinder inner wall is reduced. This causes a reduction in the hydrocarbon content of the incompletely consumed combustion gas, and prevents the temperature from rising in the top ring groove and thus prevents the wearing of the groove.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a piston in used for an internal combustion engine. The method comprises a step of reinforcing a circumference of a top ring groove by an inorganic fiber assembly, a step of forming an oil cooking gallery by a soluble core, a step of fixing the soluble core by projections formed in a strut preventing a thermal expansion of the piston, a step of setting the soluble core in a position supported by a punch mold, and step of setting the inorganic fiber assembly in an annular groove of a lower mold.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a piston of an internal combustion engine, especially for forming a piston gallery portion provided in the piston head for cooling the engine. A gallery member made of a metal pipe having a high thermal conductivity or a salt-core having a shape corresponding to the piston gallery is fixed to a fixing member having a peripheral rim and a plurality of fixing legs extended from the rim. The gallery member or the salt-core fixed to the fixing member is cast in the piston, body, and then, the fixing member is cut off from the piston body. The salt-core is melted away by pouring water. By this method, a piston of light weight and having high cooling efficiency can be manufactured.

Abstract: An electromagnetic fluid flow control valve mechanism has a hollow slide valve linearly movable on and along a core in response to energization of a coil disposed around the slide valve for selective fluid communication between a inlet port and first and second outlet ports through a chamber in a casing. The ratio of a cross-sectional area of the inlet port to that of each of the first and second outlet ports is selected such that the chamber will develop a relatively small vacuum such as of 20 mmAg at maximum. Preferably, the ratio is 6.5 or greater. This arrangement prevents a fluid, typically air, from flowing from the second outlet port back into the chamber.

Abstract: A turbocharger control system, utilized in an internal combustion engine, which includes a bypass passage bypassing exhaust gases directly to an exhaust treatment device around a turbocharger turbine, and a waste gate valve connected to an actuator by means of a link mechanism. The waste gate valve is a normally opened type valve and is maintained so as to be opened in case problems are encountered in the actuator operating the waste gate valve or in the link mechanism attached to the actuator, thereby reducing resultant damage to pipe members forming a passage from a turbocharger compressor to a throttle valve.

Abstract: A motor-driven proportional fluid flow control valve has a linear motor including a slide valve body slidably mounted on a hollow iron core and an electromagnetic coil wound around the iron core. After a drive circuit has been energized, a constant current is passed through the electromagnetic coil to keep the slide valve body spaced from a stop surface while cutting off fluid communication between an inlet port and an outlet port. With the slide valve body out of contact with the stop surface, the slide valve does not produce noise which would otherwise be given off due to a fluctuating current flowing, through or vibrations of, the electromagnetic coil.

Abstract: A fuel heater and fuel contamination detecting apparatus for automotive vehicles which includes a casing member in the form of a heating body made of a compound which is manufactured by mixing a thermoplastic resin and short metal fibers such as aluminum, copper, silver or alloys of these metals. The resistance of the heating body becomes infinite when the temperature rises above a predetermined level. Also provided are a reed switch and a magnet for activating the read switch and which is attached to a float. The float is in turn located in a reservoir formed in the casing member.

Abstract: A turbocharger control device for use in conjunction with an internal combustion engine includes a turbine driven by exhaust gases; a compressor connected with the turbine by having a shaft having a hole through the diameter; a photo projector and photo receiver facing each other across the shaft at the location of the through-hole for generating a light pulse signal proportional to the rate of rotation of the shaft; a photo-voltage converter connected optically with the photo receiver for converting the light pulse signal to an electrical pulse signal; an engine control unit connected electrically with the converter for generating a control signal in response to the electrical signal; an actuator connected with the engine control unit for movement in response to the control signal; an exhaust gas bypass passage connected between upstream and downstream portions of the turbine; and a bypass valve operatively connected to the actuator and associated with the bypass passage for controlling the flow through the

Abstract: An engine cooling system has a cross-flow fan disposed transversely in a car body between a radiator and an engine having a rotatable shaft coupled to and driven by a hydraulic motor which is actuated by an engine-operated hydraulic pump. The hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor are interconnected by supply and return passages, the supply passage having a directional control valve for selectively connecting the supply passage to the return passage in bypassing relation to the hydraulic motor to interrupt operation of the fan. A second directional control valve is connected parallel to the first-mentioned directional control valve for selectively connecting the supply passage to the return passage in bypassing relation to the hydraulic motor. Hydraulic cylinders are respectively controlled by these first and second directional control valves for respectively actuating a radiator shutter and a movable shroud.

Abstract: A linear motor-actuated flow control valve includes: a casing having an inlet port and an outlet port; a moving-coil linear motor disposed within said casing, said linear motor including a hollow, ferromagnetic core which delimits the interior of said casing into valve chambers and which has a valve hole or holes for communicating said inlet and outlet ports with each other, a bobbin slidably disposed on said core for controlling the opening degree of the valve hole(s), an electromagnetic coil wound on said bobbin, a permanent magnet so arranged that the magnetic flux produced thereby extends axially of said electromagnetic coil, and a magnetic body for forming a magnetic circuit, in cooperation with said core, for the flux produced by said permanent magnet; and spring for biasing said bobbin so that said bobbin is retained at a predetermined position by said spring means when said electromagnetic coil is in the de-energized state, whereby said valve hole(s) is/are held open or closed to a predetermined degre

Abstract: A low-vibration steering device for use on industrial vehicles comprising a steering shaft rotatably supported at its lower end by a gearbox and connected to a steering wheel at its upper end, a tubular steering column enclosing the steering shaft with an annular spacing left between the inside diameter of the steering column and the outside diameter of the steering shaft, a steering column clamp secured to a chassis frame of the vehicle and holding the steering column at a portion above its middle portion, a flexible vibration shutoff member disposed between a lower end portion of the steering column and a portion of the steering shaft near its lower end to support the said lower end portion by said portion near said lower end, and an oil-impregnated bearing interposed between an upper end portion of the steering column and a corresponding upper end portion of the steering shaft and having a greater rigidity than the flexible member.

Abstract: A turbocharger control system for a vehicle engine which includes a first air passage for supplying air to the vehicle engine, a throttle valve pivotally mounted in the first air passage, a turbocharger having a compressor and a turbine, the compressor being positioned within the first air passage upstream of the throttle valve, a second air passage for connecting a portion of the first passage downstream of the compressor and a portion of the first passage upstream of the compressor, a valve device positioned within the second air passage for relieving fluid pressure from the downstream portion of the first air passage to the upstream of the first air passage, a throttle sensor operatively associated with the throttle valve for detecting the operating position of the throttle valve and generating signals in response thereto and a computer connected to the valve for receiving the signals generated from the throttle sensor and for delivering the signals to the valve to operate the valve in response to the posi

Abstract: A linear motor-actuated flow control valve includes spring means for biasing a bobbin controlling valve hole opening degree in mutually opposing directions, to hold the bobbin at a middle opened position when an electromagnetic coil wound on the bobbin is deenergized. The bobbin is driven against spring means force in any opposing directions to increase or decrease the opening degree by applying a positive or negative energizing current to the coil.

Abstract: A fluid control valve actuated by differential pressure across a diaphragm member. The diaphragm member is secured to a piston mounted thereon with a seal ring. The seal ring is in fluid-tight sliding engagement with a casing having an inlet port and an outlet port, but is brought into disengagement from the casing upon movement of the piston due to differential pressure across the diaphragm member. Thus, communication between the inlet and the outlet ports may be accomplished.

Abstract: A vacuum actuator for connection to a vacuum source, the actuator utilizing a diaphragm combination having three stable positions. An annular diaphragm, having its outer periphery fixed in a housing, has its inner periphery secured between two movable annular members, the diaphragm and the annular members forming a combination dividing the housing into upper and lower chambers. Two inlet ports individually supply a vacuum force or atmospheric pressure to the upper chamber, the first one of the ports including a projection extending toward a space formed by the movable members. A poppet valve normally closes an opening at the top of the space, the bottom of the space normally having access to the atmosphere. When vacuum is applied to the first port, the diaphragm combination is raised from a biased first position to the position where the poppet valve interrupts the vacuum through the projection, determining the second position.