Abstract: A charging member supporting magnetic particles for charging a member to be charged, including: an electroconductive member to which a voltage is applicable; and a member electrically insulated from the electroconductive member at an end portion, in a longitudinal direction of the charging member, of the magnetic particles, wherein deposition of magnetic particles to the member to be charged from the charging member is effectively prevented.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member to which a voltage is applicable to charge a member to be charged; an electroconductive particle supply member for supplying electroconductive particles, wherein the supply member produces the electroconductive particles by abrasion of itself, and the thus produced electroconductive particles are fed to the nip formed by the charging member and the member to be charged.

Abstract: A charging apparatus for charging a member to be charged includes an elastic member, the elastic member being press-contacted to a surface of the member to be charged, and electroconductive particles carried on the surface of the elastic member to which a charging voltage is applied, wherein a triboelectric charging property of the member to be charged relative to the elastic member is the same as a charging polarity of the charging apparatus.

Abstract: A charging apparatus for charging a member to be charged which has a surface layer having a volume resistivity of 1.times.10.sup.9 -1.times.10.sup.14 .OMEGA.cm; a charging member contactable to the member to be charged to electrically charge the member to be charged, the charging member being supplied with a voltage having an AC voltage component; wherein e time constant .tau. (sec) of the member to be charged and the charging member, a frequency f (Hz) of the AC voltage component, and an effective voltage V.sub.AC (V) of the AC voltage component, satisfy :2V.sub.AC {1-exp(-1/2f/.tau.)}/{1+exp(-1/2f/.tau.)}.ltoreq.50.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member contactable to said member to be charged to charge a member to be charged. Wherein a voltage is applicable to said charging member; a resistor provided in a charging circuit for applying the voltage to said charging member; wherein said resistor has a resistance not less than 0.5 times a resistance of said charging member; wherein a combined resistance of said charging circuit and said charging member is not more than 10.sup.7 .OMEGA..

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member for charging a movable member to be charged; the charging member including a carrying member for carrying a magnetic particle layer contactable to the member to be charged, the carrying member being adapted to be supplied with a voltage; wherein a direction of a magnetic force acting on magnetic particles in the magnetic particle layer at a downstream end position with respect to a movement direction of the member to be charged at a portion where the member to be charged and the magnetic particle layer are contacted, is opposite from the member to be charged with respect to a tangent line of the member to be charged at the end position.

Abstract: A hybrid type image forming apparatus capable of forming a high quality image by using two image forming units having different resolution from each other, perform high throughput image forming by selecting most suitable image forming method or methods depending upon a kind of input image data, and reducing its running cost. In the apparatus, input image data of resolution of 300 dpi is separated into monochromatic image data and color image data. The monochromatic image data is converted into that of 600 dpi so that four pixels of an image of 600 dpi make one pixel of an image of 300 dpi. Then, a monochromatic image is formed on the basis of the monochromatic image data of 600 dpi by the image forming unit employing the electrophotograph method. A print medium on which the monochromatic image is formed is conveyed to the image forming unit employing the ink-jet printing method where a color image is formed on the basis of the color image data of 300 dpi.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for forming an image on a recording medium includes a first conveying path for conveying a recording medium in order to form an image thereon using a first image forming device, a second conveying path for conveying a recording medium in order to form an image thereon using a second image forming device for forming an image according to an image forming method different from an image forming method of the first image forming device, a third conveying path for conveying a recording medium in order to form an image thereon using the first image forming device and the second image forming device, and a setting device for selectively setting one of a first conveying mode using the first conveying path, a second conveying mode using the second conveying path, and a third conveying mode using the third conveying path.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing device, a charger contactable to the image bearing device for effecting contact charging of the image bearing device, the charger being supplied with a voltage having a DC component and an AC component, and the charger being provided with an electrode for receiving the voltage; wherein the following is satisfied: when an electric field formed between the image bearing device and the electrode is not more than .vertline.E/d.sub.SD .vertline. (V/m), a resistance of the charger per unit area of contact between the image bearing device and the charger is larger than20E/(wCV.sub.DC) (.OMEGA.m.sup.2)and is larger than the resistance when the electric field is more than .vertline.(E+V.sub.DC)/d.sub.SD .vertline. (V/m)where E(V) is an amplitude of the AC component; w(rad) is an angular velocity of the AC component; d.sub.SD (m) is a minimum distance between the electrode and the image bearing device; C(F/m.sup.

Abstract: The image forming method comprises, electrostatically charging an image bearing member using a contact charging assembly, forming an electrostatic latent image on the image bearing member thus charged, developing the electrostatic latent image with a magnetic toner to form a toner image and transferring the toner image to a transfer medium, wherein the charging assembly comprises a magnetic brush formed from conductive magnetic particles magnetically bound, and the charging assembly comes into contact with the image bearing member to charge the surface of the image bearing member by directly injecting charges into the electron level present on the surface of the image bearing member and the magnetic toner has a value of .sigma..D..delta. of 150 or less, where the value is obtained by multiplying i) a magnetization quantity .sigma. (Am.sup.2 /kg) in a magnetic field of 1K oersted as measured by a vibration magnetometer, ii) a weight average particle diameter (D.sub.4) D (.mu.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for forming an image on a recording medium has an image forming system for forming an image on the recording medium, a second image forming system for forming an image on the recording medium based on an image forming method different from that for the first image forming system, a first recording medium transport passage for discharging the recording medium out of the apparatus after the recording medium has passed through the first and second image forming systems, a second recording medium transport passage for discharging the recording medium out of the apparatus without passing the recording medium through the second image forming system after the recording medium has passed through the first image forming system, and a third recording medium transport passage for discharging the recording medium out of the apparatus without passing the recording medium through the first image forming system after the recording medium has passed through the second image forming system.