Abstract: An engine spark timing controlling device using a resonant type vibration sensor having mechanical resonance characteristic near the knocking frequency of an engine. The vibration sensor is arranged on a body of an engine and the sensor output signal is processed and the spark timing is adjusted to obtain an optimum knocking condition.

Abstract: An ignition timing control system for an internal combustion engine comprises first circuitry for producing a function of the intensity of combustion knock in each cylinder in a sequence, second circuitry for storing the function of each cylinder respectively in a memory circuit each of which corresponds to a specific cylinder, and third circuitry for determining the ignition timing of each cylinder by modifying the basic ignition timing determined by an advance mechanism, in accordance with the respectively stored functions.

Abstract: A system for detecting the intensity of knocking of an internal combustion engine such as an automotive gasoline engine, comprising a vibration sensing device attached to an engine body and electrical circuitry for producing a knock-indicating signal based on a comparison of a vibration-indicating signal derived from the vibration sensing device with a reference signal which is variable depending on the rate of engine revolution. The vibration sensing device comprises a vibration pickup such as of an accelerometer type, preferably mounted on a resonance plate which is fixed only at its one end to the engine body, and is made to have a resonance frequency within a frequency band of vibrations attributable to knocking of the engine, such as 5 to 10 KHz, so that no band-pass filter is needed in this system.

Abstract: Control of secondary air flow to a reactor during normal operating condition of an engine is provided by relieving a predetermined portion of the secondary air discharged from an air pump to a point intermediate the reactor and a muffler installed downstream of the reactor. When the engine is operating under heavy load and/or at high speeds, all of the secondary air from the air pump is supplied to the reactor, while when the engine is operating at full load all of the secondary air from the air pump is relieved to the ambient atmosphere.

Abstract: The secondary air supply system of an internal combustion engine is provided with two reed valves through which atmospheric air is induced to the exhaust system of the engine. The two reed valves are selectively maintained operable under low and high engine speed operating conditions, respectively.

Abstract: Disclosed is an automotive multi-cylinder internal combustion engine in which exhaust gases from one or more of the exhaust ports of the engine cylinders are partially recirculated into the mixture induction system of the engine and secondary air is injected into exhaust gases from the remaining exhaust ports under normal operating conditions of the engine. The recirculation of the exhaust gases is interrupted and furthermore secondary air is injected into the exhaust gases from all the engine cylinders under predetermined non-normal operating conditions such as idling and decelerating conditions of the engine.

Abstract: The air-fuel mixture in each combustion chamber of a dual spark plug ignition engine is ignited with two spark plugs during normal engine operation, but is ignited with only one of the two spark plugs during high power output engine operation. The spark timing in the ignition with one spark plug is advanced relative to that in the ignition with two spark plugs.

Abstract: A process for preparing coloring caramel from a pre-gelatinized starch or dextrin. The process comprises preparing a pre-gelatinized starch or dextrin having a specified moisture content and having a specified acidic pH value and extruding it at an elevated temperature and pressure condition effective to caramelize it.The extruded caramel product may be pulverized to yield a powdered caramel.

Abstract: An air-fuel mixture containing a relatively large amount of recirculated exhaust gases is smoothly and rapidly burned by producing squish turbulence and igniting the mixture with a plurality of spark plugs.

Abstract: A combustion arrangement which enables combustion with high EGR comprises an ignition means positioned within an area which is disposed in the neighborhood of a location at which the thickness of the combustion chamber is the maximum and adjacent the cylinder axis.

Abstract: A process for producing a highly oriented polyester undrawn yarn comprising melt-spinning a polyester from a spinneret, solidifying the melt-spun yarn and taking up a solidified yarn at a take-up velocity from 2,500 to 4,500 m/min, wherein the spinning length is set within a specific range in accordance with the take-up velocity, yarn denier and maximum allowable tension of the yarn.

Abstract: An exhaust gas recirculation system for an internal combustion engine comprises an exhaust gas flow control valve; a vacuum actuator for operation of the flow control valve; and a control apparatus which provides an output vacuum to be applied to the vacuum actuator which is an amplification of the venturi vacuum.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a vacuum operated device comprising a first flexible diaphragm responsive to a vacuum input, a second flexible diaphragm responsive to a vacuum output present in a vacuum chamber, a control valve associated with said second flexible diaphragm for controlling the vacuum output in said chamber, and a control arm connected between said first and second diaphragms and rotatable about a fulcrum, the movement of said first flexible diaphragm being transmitted through said control arm to said second flexible diaphragm, whereby said control valve is actuated to control the vacuum output in said vacuum chamber.