Abstract: In a hollow-fiber permeability apparatus, a permeating region of a housing contains a bundle of hollow fibers, and materials can selectively permeate through the membranes formed by the permeable walls of the hollow fibers, between a first fluid flowing along the exteriors of the hollow fibers, and another fluid flowing the interiors of the hollow fibers.

Abstract: A hollow-fiber permeability apparatus includes:A housing; a bundle of permeable-wall hollow fibers diposed in the housing; inlet means for supplying a first fluid into the spaces between the fibers; outlet means for withdrawing the first fluid from the housing, the first fluid being led through at least one of the inlet and outlet means in a lamelliform flow toward the bundle, whereby the first fluid can uniformly flow through the whole bundle; and means for flowing a second fluid inside the fibers such that materials selectively permeate through the walls of the fibers.

Abstract: A flame retardant composition comprises an organic polymer containing one of the inorganic compounds with phosphorus and nitrogen, or either of them in the form of finely powdered crystal. The inorganic compounds are coated with an inactive material.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for removing gas from the interior of a hollow-fiber permeability apparatus in which a permeating region of a housing contains a bundle of hollow fibers, and materials can selectively permeate through the membranes formed by the permeable walls of the hollow fibers, between first and second fluids flowing through the housing inside and outside the fibers respectively, at least one of first and second materials to produce carbonic acid gas by mutual chemical reaction is contained in a flow path for the first fluid and/or another flow path for the second fluid, and the first and second materials react with each other in at least one part of the apparatus to produce carbonic acid gas, whereby the gas previously existing in the interior of the housing is substituted with the produced carbonic acid gas.

Abstract: A hollow-fiber permeability apparatus comprises a housing having a permeating region, a bundle of permeable-wall hollow fibres in the permeating region, an inlet tube for supplying a first fluid into the spaces between the fibres, an outlet tube for withdrawing the first fluid, a portion of the housing being of enlarged cross-section relative to said bundle to define a space between the bundle and a wall of the housing into which at least part of the first fluid can pass, and means for passing a second fluid through the fibres such that materials selectively permeate through the walls of the fibres.