Abstract: A pressing rotating member comprising a base layer, an elastic layer and a surface layer, in this order, the surface layer having pores, wherein when placing an observation region of 8 ?m long×11 ?m wide at a cross section of the surface layer in a thickness direction of the surface layer—a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the pressing rotating member, a degree of orientation f of the pores observed in the observation region is 0.20 or higher, and an orientation angle ? of the pores observed in the observation region is 0° to 10°.

Abstract: Provided is a pressurizing member including a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer, the surface layer containing a fluorine resin, wherein the surface layer has a surface resistivity of 1×1011[?/?] or less at a temperature of 25° C. when applying a DC voltage of 500 V, and a thermal conductivity ? in a thickness direction of the surface layer is 0.093 [W/(m·K)] or less.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser module includes: an optical fiber that outputs a first laser beam to an exterior of the semiconductor laser module; semiconductor laser devices each including an emission portion that emits a second laser beam, an electrically conductive portion that supplies electric power to the emission portion, and a mount on which the emission portion and the electrically conductive portion are disposed; a mount base including mount surfaces that form steps; and an optical system that optically couples the second laser beams from the emission portions to an incident end face of the optical fiber. The mounts of the semiconductor laser devices are disposed on the mount surfaces. The semiconductor laser devices include an upper semiconductor laser device and a lower semiconductor laser device adjacent to each other in a step direction of the mount base.

Abstract: A medical observation system includes a multi-link structure in which a plurality of links is mutually coupled by joint parts, a medical observation apparatus attached on the multi-link structure, a control part configured to control the multi-link structure or the medical observation apparatus, and a user interface part by which a user inputs an instruction to change a visual field of the medical observation apparatus. When a user instructs to move a visual field of the medical observation apparatus vertically or horizontally, to rotate an oblique-viewing endoscope, or to change a magnification of the visual field via the user interface part, the control part controls the multi-link structure or the medical observation apparatus.

Abstract: A laser module includes: an optical fiber; a plurality of semiconductor laser devices that includes a first semiconductor laser device and a second semiconductor laser device; a condenser lens that condenses laser beams emitted from the plurality of semiconductor laser devices and optically couples the laser beams to the optical fiber; a first terminal that supplies a first drive current to the first semiconductor laser device; and a second terminal that supplies a second drive current that to the second semiconductor laser device. The second drive current is smaller than the first drive current.

Abstract: There is provided a control system for controlling a surgical arm device of a multi-link structure in which a plurality of links is coupled together by a joint unit in a force control mode. In generalized inverse dynamics, the control system sets a motion purpose and a constraint condition in an operation space describing an inertia of force acting on a multi-link structural body and an acceleration of the multi-link structural body, and for implementing an operation space acceleration indicating the motion purpose, calculates a virtual force acting on the operation space on the basis of a motion equation relating to the operation space including a term of an operation space bias acceleration in consideration to gravity compensation according to inclination information of the surgical arm device, and calculates a torque command value for a joint unit on the basis of a real force converted from the virtual force.

Abstract: There is provided a control system for controlling a surgical arm device of a multi-link structure in which a plurality of links is coupled together by a joint unit in a force control mode. In generalized inverse dynamics, the control system sets a motion purpose and a constraint condition in an operation space describing an inertia of force acting on a multi-link structural body and an acceleration of the multi-link structural body, and for implementing an operation space acceleration indicating the motion purpose, calculates a virtual force acting on the operation space on the basis of a motion equation relating to the operation space including a term of an operation space bias acceleration in consideration to gravity compensation according to inclination information of the surgical arm device, and calculates a torque command value for a joint unit on the basis of a real force converted from the virtual force.

Abstract: A pressing rotating member comprising a base layer, an elastic layer and a surface layer, in this order, the surface layer having pores, wherein when placing an observation region of 8 ?m long×11 ?m wide at a cross section of the surface layer in a thickness direction of the surface layer—a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the pressing rotating member, a degree of orientation f of the pores observed in the observation region is 0.20 or higher, and an orientation angle ? of the pores observed in the observation region is 0° to 10°.

Abstract: A fixing rotating member comprising a base layer, an elastic layer and a surface layer, in this order, the surface layer containing PFA and PFPE, and having pores with openings at a first surface; at least part of the pores containing the PFPE, wherein when after removing the PFPE in the pores, placing a first observation region on the first surface, defining a ratio of a sum of areas of the openings in the first observation region relative to an area of the first observation region as P1; and placing a second observation region in a cross section of the surface layer, and defining a ratio of a sum of areas of the pores in the second observation region relative to an area of the second observation region as P2, P2/P1 is 1.3 or higher.

Abstract: Provided is a fixing rotating member capable of maintaining high toner releasability over longer periods of time than in conventional instances and that is capable of maintaining abrasion resistance against paper; the fixing rotating member comprises a base layer, an elastic layer, and a surface layer, in this order; the surface layer containing a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer and a perfluoropolyether; the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer having pores formed therein; the surface layer has pores with openings at a first surface thereof, and constituting an outer surface of the fixing rotating member; at least part of the pores containing the perfluoropolyether; a content of the perfluoropolyether in the surface layer is 20 mass % to 60 mass %; and a degree of orientation A of molecules of the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether in a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the surface layer is 35 to 75%.

Abstract: A laser module includes an optical fiber, a laser device, an optical system, a housing, a lead terminal, a conductive wire, and an insulation member. The laser device emits a laser beam. The optical system couples the laser beam, emitted from the laser device, to the optical fiber. The housing includes a base plate on which the laser device is fixed and a side wall that includes an opening. The lead terminal extends from an outside of the housing through the opening of the side wall into the housing. The conductive wire electrically connects a connecting portion of the lead terminal, located within the housing, to the laser device. The insulation member includes a seal portion and an extension portion.

Abstract: A laser module includes: a laser device that emits a laser beam including a major polarization component and a minor polarization component; a beam splitter that splits the laser beam into the major polarization component and the minor polarization component and that directs the major polarization component and the minor polarization component in different directions; an optical fiber that is optically coupled to the major polarization component split by the beam splitter and externally outputs the major polarization component; a package housing that houses the laser device and that has an inner surface including a minor polarization component irradiation portion that is irradiated by the minor polarization component split by the beam splitter; and a temperature measurement element that is attached to the package housing and that detects a temperature change of the minor polarization component irradiation portion.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser module includes: an optical fiber that outputs a first laser beam to an exterior of the semiconductor laser module; semiconductor laser devices each including an emission portion that emits a second laser beam, an electrically conductive portion that supplies electric power to the emission portion, and a mount on which the emission portion and the electrically conductive portion are disposed; a mount base including mount surfaces that form steps; and an optical system that optically couples the second laser beams from the emission portions to an incident end face of the optical fiber. The mounts of the semiconductor laser devices are disposed on the mount surfaces. The semiconductor laser devices include an upper semiconductor laser device and a lower semiconductor laser device adjacent to each other in a step direction of the mount base.

Abstract: A laser module includes: a laser device that emits a laser beam including a major polarization component and a minor polarization component; a beam splitter that splits the laser beam into the major polarization component and the minor polarization component and that directs the major polarization component and the minor polarization component in different directions; an optical fiber that is optically coupled to the major polarization component split by the beam splitter and externally outputs the major polarization component; a package housing that houses the laser device and that has an inner surface including a minor polarization component irradiation portion that is irradiated by the minor polarization component split by the beam splitter; and a temperature measurement element that is attached to the package housing and that detects a temperature change of the minor polarization component irradiation portion.

Abstract: An optical module including: a plurality of light emitting elements disposed on a same plane; a plurality of mirrors that reflect each light emitted from each of the plurality of light emitting elements; and a condenser lens into which each of the lights reflected by the plurality of mirrors enters. The plurality of mirrors reflects each of the lights emitted from each of the plurality of light emitting elements in a direction inclined with respect to a plane and aligns the light in a fast axis direction. Each of the lights emitted from the plurality of light emitting elements is reflected by the plurality of mirrors away from one another in the fast axis direction and is condensed at one point to reduce an aberration of light compared to a case where each of the lights enters into the condenser lens while propagating parallel to one another.

Abstract: A light-guiding device includes: a group of mirrors that converts a first beam bundle including a plurality of first laser beams into a second beam bundle including a plurality of second laser beams; a group of collimating lenses disposed at a stage previous to the group of mirrors and including collimating lenses that each collimate a divergence, in an F-axis direction, of a corresponding one of the plurality of first laser beams; and a converging lens disposed at a stage subsequent to the group of mirrors, the converging lens converges the second beam bundle by refracting each of the plurality of second laser beams.

Abstract: A laser module includes: an optical fiber; a plurality of semiconductor laser devices that includes a first semiconductor laser device and a second semiconductor laser device; a condenser lens that condenses laser beams emitted from the plurality of semiconductor laser devices and optically couples the laser beams to the optical fiber; a first terminal that supplies a first drive current to the first semiconductor laser device; and a second terminal that supplies a second drive current that to the second semiconductor laser device. The second drive current is smaller than the first drive current.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bonding method (S1) which is capable of achieving a high adhesive force without carrying out any special treatment on the second member (14), even in a case where the first member (11) has a surface on which a gold thin film (12) is formed. The first member (11) is made of a material other than gold and has a surface on which the gold thin film (12) is formed. The bonding method (S1) includes the steps of: (S11) irradiating, with laser light, at least part of a specific region (12a) of the surface of the first member (11), so that a base of the thin film (12) is exposed in the at least part of the specific region (12a); and (S12) bonding the second member (14) to the specific region (12a) by use of an adhesive (13).

Abstract: An optical module including: a plurality of light emitting elements disposed on a same plane; a plurality of mirrors that reflect each light emitted from each of the plurality of light emitting elements; and a condenser lens into which each of the lights reflected by the plurality of mirrors enters. The plurality of mirrors reflects each of the lights emitted from each of the plurality of light emitting elements in a direction inclined with respect to a plane and aligns the light in a fast axis direction. Each of the lights emitted from the plurality of light emitting elements is reflected by the plurality of mirrors away from one another in the fast axis direction and is condensed at one point to reduce an aberration of light compared to a case where each of the lights enters into the condenser lens while propagating parallel to one another.

Abstract: A light-guiding device includes: a group of mirrors that converts a first beam bundle including a plurality of first laser beams into a second beam bundle including a plurality of second laser beams; a group of collimating lenses disposed at a stage previous to the group of mirrors and including collimating lenses that each collimate a divergence, in an F-axis direction, of a corresponding one of the plurality of first laser beams; and a converging lens disposed at a stage subsequent to the group of mirrors, the converging lens converges the second beam bundle by refracting each of the plurality of second laser beams.