Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a magnetic wire having a plurality of magnetic domains, wherein the magnetic wire comprises a magnetic domain wall that is moved by either a pulse field or a pulse current. The magnetic wire of the semiconductor device does not require an additional notch since the magnetic wire includes a magnetic domain wall, the moving distance of which is controlled by a pulse field or a pulse current.

Abstract: Provided herein are a recombinant vector and microorganism including the isolated SNR84 gene, and a method of increasing volumetric productivity of biofuel from a galactose-containing carbon source using the isolated SNR84 gene, the recombinant vector or the recombinant microorganism. Also disclosed herein is a method of screening yeast for genes associated with increased galactose catabolism when the genes are overexpressed.

Abstract: A semiconductor device cleaning method includes etching one of a semiconductor substrate for forming a contact hole in the semiconductor substrate and the bottom of the contact hole on a semiconductor substrate, and cleaning the semiconductor substrate with a cleaning solution, wherein the cleaning solution includes a mixture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrogen fluoride (HF). Cleaning the semiconductor substrate may include clamping the semiconductor substrate on a spin chuck, cleaning the semiconductor substrate by spraying the semiconductor substrate with the cleaning solution while spinning the semiconductor substrate using the spin chuck, spraying and rinsing the semiconductor substrate with deionized water while spinning the semiconductor substrate, and drying the semiconductor substrate by continuing to spin the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides genetically manipulated cells and methods for utilizing same. Methods of enhanced carotenoid synthesis utilizing cells genetically disrupted for a yjiD, hnr or yjfP gene, or further disrupted for a gdhA, gpmB aceE, ppc, talB or fdhF gene, or any combination thereof, or cells inhibited for their expression, activity or function are disclosed. Methods of enhanced carotenoid synthesis utilizing cells genetically engineered to overexpress dxs, idi, yjiD, rpoS, torC, appY, ydgK, yeiA, yedR, tort, arcB, yggT, purDH, yfjN or a combination thereof, or further disrupted for the above-referenced genes are disclosed. Methods for identifying genes involved in optimized production of a carotenoid, and cells disrupted for, or inhibited for the expression, activity or function of genes thus identified are described.

Abstract: A method of deregistering a relay station and a multi-hop relay system for the method are provided. In order to deregister the relay station, a base station ends a handover of mobile stations connected to the relay station, and informs the relay station accordingly. When the handover of the mobile stations is ended, the relay station performs a deregistration procedure. Messages that already exist are used as messages necessary for the method.

Abstract: A multi-bit magnetic memory device using a spin-polarized current and methods of manufacturing and operating the same. The magnetic memory device includes a switching device and a magnetic storage node connected to the switching device, wherein the magnetic storage node includes a first magnetic layer, a second magnetic layer and a free magnetic layer which are vertically and separately disposed from one another. The first and second magnetic layer have transmission characteristics opposite to each other for spin-polarized electrons, and have magnetic polarizations that are opposite to each other. The free magnetic layer may include first and second free magnetic layers, which are separately disposed from each other. The magnetic storage node may further include third and fourth magnetic layers that are separately disposed between the first and second free magnetic layers.

Abstract: Provided are a method of controlling power of an access uplink using a relay station (RS) and a system thereof. When a base station (BS) decides that the subject of power control of the access uplink is itself, the BS generates a message for power control of the access uplink based on channel quality measurement information reported from the RS and transmits the power control message to a subscriber station (SS), and when the BS decides that the subject of power control of the access uplink is the RS, the RS generates a message for power control of the access uplink based on channel quality measurement information and transmits the power control message to the SS. Thus, fast power control of the access uplink can be performed.

Abstract: A perpendicular magnetic recording head which moves in a track direction of a recording layer of a perpendicular magnetic recording medium to write information on the recording layer or read information from the recording layer. The perpendicular magnetic recording head includes: the perpendicular magnetic recording medium including a soft magnetic underlayer and the recording layer; a write head including a main pole that applies a magnetic field to, and writes information to, the recording layer and a return pole having a first end which is connected to the main pole and having a second end which is spaced apart from the main pole over an air bearing surface (ABS) of the perpendicular magnetic recording head which is adjacent to the recording layer; and a permanent magnet formed on at least one side of the write head.

Abstract: Provided are a handover method using a relay station having a handover control function and a multi-hop relay system. When handover of mobile stations connected to a relay station is required, the relay station negotiates handover of the mobile stations with a base station by exchanging a handover request message and a handover response message. Upon execution of handover of the mobile stations, the relay station collects handover results of the mobile stations and transmits the handover results to the base station. The base station then updates information about the handed-over mobile stations.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for rapid and dynamic RF and Microwave circuit prototyping and integration provides a standard test fixture for testing any single device from any device vendors, provides a rapid dynamic tool for sub-system and system integration and prototyping, provides a flexibility to make any single function or multi-function assembled module quickly and economically. This prototyping approach can help RF/microwave companies share development times and costs. The combination of standard PCB function cells and dynamic standard mechanical cells helps build a prototype design quickly and reduce R&D costs.

Abstract: An electric field read/write head, a method of manufacturing the same, and a data read/write device including the electric field read/write head are provided. The data read/write device includes an electric field read/write head which reads and writes data to and from a recording medium. The electric field read/write head includes a semiconductor substrate, a resistance region, source and drain regions, and a write electrode. The semiconductor substrate includes a first surface and a second surface with adjoining edges. The resistance region is formed to extend from a central portion at one end of the first surface to the second surface. The source region and the drain region are formed at either side of the resistance region and are separated from the first surface. The write electrode is formed on the resistance region with an insulating layer interposed between the write electrode and the resistance region.

Abstract: Provided are a plasma display panel (PDP) and a driving method thereof. The PDP includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed in parallel and spaced apart from one another. Address electrodes are provided on the first substrate with a first dielectric layer over the address electrodes and the first substrate. Barrier ribs are provided on the dielectric forming a plurality of discharge spaces in which phosphor layers are provided. Sustain electrodes are formed on the second substrate facing the first substrate and are arranged crossing the address electrodes. A second dielectric layer is formed over the address electrodes and on the second substrate, and a protective layer including MgO of at least 99.6% purity by weight is formed over the second dielectric layer by a sintering process.

Abstract: A method of displaying a communication amount of each user using an icon and a communication terminal using the method are provided. An icon having a shape which can be changed according to the communication amount between a communication terminal user and a communication counterparty is registered, the shape of icon is updated according to the communication amount every predetermined time period, and the icon is displayed to the user. Accordingly, the user can intuitively recognize the communication amount with respect to the communication counterparty.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) according to one embodiment includes: a first substrate and a second substrate that are disposed substantially in parallel with each other with a predetermined distance therebetween; a plurality of address electrodes disposed on the first substrate; a first dielectric layer disposed on an entire surface of the first substrate while covering the address electrodes; a plurality of barrier ribs having a predetermined height from the first dielectric layer and disposed in a space between the first substrate and the second substrate to partition the space into discharge spaces of a predetermined size; a phosphor layer disposed in the discharge spaces; a plurality of display electrodes disposed on one side of the second substrate facing the first substrate in a direction crossing the address electrodes; a second dielectric layer disposed on an entire surface of the second substrate to cover the display electrodes; and a protective layer disposed to cover the second dielectric layer.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for wastewater treatment using a nitrogen/phosphorus removal process combined with a floatation separation of sludge that is replaced by the gravity settling secondary clarifier are provided for effectively removing organic substances, nitrogen, phosphorus, granular substances and the like from wastewater. Al or Fe electrode plate is used for generating the micro bubbles so that phosphorus is removed by Al or Fe ions dissolved from the anode.

Abstract: A perpendicular magnetic recording head includes: a main pole; a return pole spaced a predetermined gap from the main pole; an induction coil inducing a magnetic field on the main pole; and two or more gap shields, wherein the two or more gap shields are formed in the gap between the main pole and the return pole.

Abstract: A method of servo writing for each track of a magnetic recording medium divided into a plurality of circular tracks including performing a phase adjustment operation by controlling a phase of a recording current according to a skew angle formed by a magnetic head and a track of the magnetic recording medium, and writing a servo pattern when the magnetic recording medium is magnetized using a magnetic head so as to have a magnetized pattern corresponding to a servo pattern.

Abstract: A branched multiblock polybenzimidazole-benzamide copolymer, specifically, one consisting of a repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a method for preparing the same; an electrolyte membrane using the branched multiblock copolymer, a consistent electrolyte paste/gel and a method for preparing the same; a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) using the electrolyte membrane and the consistent electrolyte paste/gel and a method for preparing the same; and a fuel cell prepared from the membrane-electrode assembly. The electrolyte membrane according to the present invention has high hydrogen ion conductivity over a wide temperature range, and excellent physical properties such as mechanical properties, chemical resistance and thermal stability. Deterioration of the membrane properties is effectively controlled by phosphoric acid doping and high hydrogen ion conductivity is realized even with a low phosphoric acid doping level.

Abstract: A method of determining a amount of ice collected in a storage container of a refrigerator, the ice being discharged into the storage container by an ice maker having an ice detecting sensor with a heater, the method comprises determining whether or not the ice storage container is full or nearly full of ice by turning on the detecting sensor for a prescribed period of time. In one embodiment, the heater is turned on while the determining step is preformed. In an alternative embodiment, the heater is continuously maintained in an “ON” state.

Abstract: A method of detecting an amount of ice stored in a storage bin made by an ice maker of a refrigerator, the method comprises applying heat to the ice detecting sensor of the ice maker, detecting an amount stored in the storage bin, and controlling heat application according to the detected amount. The ice maker has an ice detecting sensor attached thereto. A sensor heater provides the heat.