Abstract: A device may include a lane group, a command queue, and a link manager. The lane group may include a first lane and at least one or more second lanes to form a link for communicating with a host. The command queue may store commands for at least one direct memory access (DMA) device, the commands generated based on a request of the host. The link manager may, in response to detecting an event that an amount of the commands stored in the command queue being less than or equal to a reference value, change an operation mode from a first power mode to a second power mode in which power consumption is less than that of the first power mode, deactivate the at least one or more second lanes, and provide a second operation clock lower than a first operation clock to the at least one DMA device.

Abstract: A Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) interface device coupled to an external device through a link including a plurality of lanes according to the present disclosure includes an EQ controller controlling the PCIe interface device to perform an equalization operation for determining a transmitter or receiver setting of each of the plurality of lanes, and an EQ information storage storing log information indicating a number of equalization operation attempts with respect to each of a plurality of EQ coefficients and storing error information about an error occurring in an LO state with respect to each of the plurality of EQ coefficients, which includes a transmitter coefficient or a receiver coefficient, wherein the EQ controller determines a final EQ coefficient using the log information and the error information.

Abstract: A device is provided to include: a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data; and a skip ordered set (SKP OS) control logic in communication with the transceiver and configured to generate an SKP OS and control the transceiver to transmit the SKP OS and a data block to a link connecting to an external device and including a plurality of lanes. The SKP OS control logic is configured to increase or decrease transmission interval of the SKP OS based on a transmission history of the SKP OS, in response to an entry of the link to a recovery state that is used to recover the link from an error.

Abstract: Devices for performing communications are disclosed. In some implementations, a device includes: an upstream port for receiving data from or transmitting data to one or more external devices located on an upstream path through a link including a plurality of lanes; a lane margining controller coupled to the upstream port and for transmitting, via the upstream port, to the one or more external devices, a margin command for requesting a lane margining operation to acquire margin status information to indicate a margin of each of the plurality of lanes, and controlling the upstream port to receive the margin status information from the external devices; and a port setting controller coupled to be in communication with the upstream port to receive the margin status information and for determining a setting of the upstream port based on the margin status information.

Abstract: A storage system includes a master storage device for storing data based on a RAID level determined by a host, a slave storage device for storing the data according to a command distributed from the master storage device, and a controller hub for coupling the slave storage device to the master storage device, wherein the master storage device is further configured to transfer the command to the slave storage device through the controller hub when the master storage device receives a command processing request from the host, transmit a complete queue (CQ) to the host when operations of the master storage device and the slave storage device are completed in response to the command processing request, and request a host to allocate a capacity to each function in the master storage device and the at least one of the plurality of slave storage devices based on a reference capacity.

Abstract: A storage system is provided. The storage system includes a master storage device configured to store data based on a RAID level determined by a host, a slave storage device configured to store the data according to a command distributed from the master storage device, and a controller hub configured to couple the slave storage device to the master storage device, wherein the master storage device is further configured to transfer the command to the slave storage device through the controller hub when the master storage device receives a command processing request from the host, and transmit a complete queue (CQ) to the host when operations of the master storage device and the slave storage device are completed in response to the command processing request.

Abstract: Interface devices and systems that include interface devices are disclosed. In some implementations, a device includes a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data, a lane margining controller in communication with the transceiver and configured to control the transceiver to transmit, through a margin command, to an external device, a request for requesting a state of an elastic buffer of the external device, and control the transceiver to receive the state of the elastic buffer of from the external device, and a port setting controller adjust a clock frequency range of a spread spectrum clocking scheme based on the state of the elastic buffer.

Abstract: Provided are a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) interface device and a method of operating the same. The PCIe interface device includes a first buffer, a second buffer, and a buffer controller. The first buffer may be configured to store a plurality of first transaction layer packets received from multiple functions. The second buffer may be configured to store a plurality of second transaction layer packets received from the multiple functions. The buffer controller may be configured to, when a first buffer of a switch is full, realign an order in which the plurality of second transaction layer packets are to be output from the second buffer to the switch, based on IDs of the plurality of second transaction layer packets.

Abstract: Provided are a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) interface device and a method of operating the same. The PCIe interface device may include a performance analyzer and a traffic class controller. The performance analyzer may be configured to measure throughputs of multiple functions executed on one or more Direct Memory Access (DMA) devices. The traffic class controller may be configured to allocate traffic class values to transaction layer packets received from the multiple functions based on the throughputs of the multiple functions.

Abstract: Provided are a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) device and a method of operating the same. The PCIe device may include a performance analyzer, a delay time information generato and a command fetcher. The performance analyzer may measure throughputs of a plurality of functions, and generate throughput analysis information indicating a comparison result between the throughputs of the plurality of functions and throughput limits corresponding to the plurality of functions. The delay time information generator may generate a delay time for delaying a command fetch operation for each of the plurality of functions based on the throughput analysis information. The command fetcher may fetch a target command from a host based on a delay time of a function corresponding to the target command.

Abstract: A PCIe device and a method of operating the same are provided. The PCIe device may include a throughput calculator configured to calculate a throughput of each of a plurality of functions, a throughput analysis information generator configured to generate throughput analysis information indicating a result of a comparison between a throughput limit and the calculated throughput, a delay time information generator configured to generate a delay time for delaying a command fetch operation for each function based on the throughput analysis information, a command lookup table storage configured to store command-related information and a delay time of a function corresponding to a target command, the command-related information including information related to the target command to be fetched from a host, and a command fetcher configured to fetch the target command based on the command-related information and the delay time of the corresponding function.

Abstract: Provided herein is a PCIe interface device. The PCIe interface device may include a NOP DLLP generator configured to generate a No Operation (NOP) data link layer packet (DLLP) including event information representing an event in response to the occurrence of the event and a transmitter configured to transmit the NOP DLLP to an external device through a link including a plurality of lanes.

Abstract: Interface devices and systems that include interface devices are disclosed. In some implementations, a device includes a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data, a lane margining controller in communication with the transceiver and configured to control the transceiver to transmit, through a margin command, to an external device, a request for requesting a state of an elastic buffer of the external device, and control the transceiver to receive the state of the elastic buffer of from the external device, and a port setting controller adjust a clock frequency range of a spread spectrum clocking scheme based on the state of the elastic buffer.

Abstract: A peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device includes a first memory which includes a plurality of page buffers, a base address register which includes a plurality of base addresses, and a first address translation unit which translates each of the plurality of base addresses to a corresponding one of a plurality of virtual addresses. A map table includes a plurality of map table entries each accessed in correspondence to each of the plurality of virtual addresses, and maps each of the plurality of virtual addresses onto a physical address of physical addresses of the plurality of page buffers. The first address translation unit translates each of the plurality of virtual addresses to a corresponding one of the physical addresses using the map table.

Abstract: A peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device includes a PCI register including a base address register (BAR) configured to determine a first memory area accessed by a PCI host, an offset register configured to store an offset transmitted from the PCI host, an address translation unit (ATU) configured to detect an operation of the PCI host writing the offset to the offset register and to change an accessed area by the PCI host to a second memory area based on the offset stored in the offset register, and a device memory including the first memory area and the second memory area, the device memory configured to store data transmitted from the PCI host and to transmit data stored therein to the PCI host.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for editing a document are disclosed. The apparatus is installed on a first terminal, that is, a mobile terminal of a user, in order to edit a document of a document file stored in the first terminal. The apparatus includes a document storage unit and an edited document generation unit. The document storage unit stores at least one document file. The edited document generation unit extracts an area of interest from a document file stored in the document storage unit and displayed on a display unit of the first terminal, and generates an edited document. The document file is a portable document format (PDF) file.

Abstract: A peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device includes a PCI register including a base address register (BAR) configured to determine a first memory area accessed by a PCI host, an offset register configured to store an offset transmitted from the PCI host, an address translation unit (ATU) configured to detect an operation of the PCI host writing the offset to the offset register and to change an accessed area by the PCI host to a second memory area based on the offset stored in the offset register, and a device memory including the first memory area and the second memory area, the device memory configured to store data transmitted from the PCI host and to transmit data stored therein to the PCI host.

Abstract: A peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device includes a first memory which includes a plurality of page buffers, a base address register which includes a plurality of base addresses, and a first address translation unit which translates each of the plurality of base addresses to a corresponding one of a plurality of virtual addresses. A map table includes a plurality of map table entries each accessed in correspondence to each of the plurality of virtual addresses, and maps each of the plurality of virtual addresses onto a physical address of physical addresses of the plurality of page buffers. The first address translation unit translates each of the plurality of virtual addresses to a corresponding one of the physical addresses using the map table.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for editing a document are disclosed. The apparatus is installed on a first terminal, that is, a mobile terminal of a user, in order to edit a document of a document file stored in the first terminal. The apparatus includes a document storage unit and an edited document generation unit. The document storage unit stores at least one document file. The edited document generation unit extracts an area of interest from a document file stored in the document storage unit and displayed on a display unit of the first terminal, and generates an edited document. The document file is a portable document format (PDF) file.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for driving a plasma display panel for preventing and a spot misfire and a miswriting is disclosed. In the method, wall charges are formed at a discharge cell in an initial period. The discharge cell selects discharge cells in an address period. A wall charge control period is arranged between said initialization period and said address period. A wall charge distribution at the discharge cell is controlled in the wall charge control period. A sustain discharge is caused at discharge cells selected in said address period in the sustain period.