Abstract: A method of modifying a surface of the nozzle of a liquid dispenser used to dispense liquid for manufacturing a liquid crystal display (LCD) includes primarily modifying the surface of the nozzle by performing one of oxygen (O2) or ozone (O3) plasma treatment with respect to the surface of the nozzle, secondarily modifying the primarily modified surface of the nozzle by treating the primarily modified surface with aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and tertiary modifying the secondarily modified surface of the nozzle by allowing an epoxy resin to react with the secondarily modified surface of the nozzle.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing the first substrate. The second substrate includes a first electrode and a second electrode spaced apart from each other. A cholesteric liquid crystal having a pitch shorter than a wavelength of a visible ray and a rotation axis substantially perpendicular to the first and second substrates is disposed between the first and second substrates. The display panel displays a grayscale image in response to an electric field generated between the first and second electrodes. A polymer is added to the cholesteric liquid crystal, and a concentration of the polymer is controlled by exposing the polymer to a light. The concentration of the polymer in an area adjacent to the first substrate may be higher than the concentration of the polymer in an area adjacent to the second substrate.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate member, a second substrate member, a liquid crystal layer and a phase difference layer. The first substrate member includes a first substrate and a pixel electrode part on the first substrate. The pixel electrode part transmits an internally provided light, and reflects an externally provided light. The second substrate member includes a second substrate corresponding to the first substrate and a common electrode on the second substrate. The liquid crystal layer is interposed between the first and second substrate members. The phase difference layer is between the first and second substrates to change phases of the internally and externally provided lights by different amounts. Therefore, an image display quality is improved, and a manufacturing process is simplified.

Abstract: A method of determining the amount of a fountain solution employed in an offset lithography printing system in which a detectable substance is added to the fountain solution and the amount thereof detected in a target such as the ink rollers and/or the image and non-image areas of the printed paper, the amount of the detectable substance being related to the amount of fountain solution employed in the offset lithography process.