Abstract: A memory system comprises a multi-bit memory device and a memory controller that controls the multi-bit memory device. The memory system determines whether a requested program operation is a random program operation or a sequential program operation. Where the requested program operation is a random program operation, the memory controller controls the multi-bit memory device to perform operations according to a fine program close policy or a fine program open policy.

Abstract: Provided are a magnetic recording medium and a method of manufacturing the magnetic recording medium. The magnetic recording medium includes a substrate, a soft magnetic underlayer formed on the substrate, a texturing layer formed on the soft magnetic underlayer and including a uniform pattern, and a recording layer including magnetic grains and a non-magnetic boundary region isolating the magnetic grains. The magnetic grains and the non-magnetic boundary region of the recording layer are formed into a regular granular structure by segregation according to the regular pattern of the texturing layer. Therefore, a regular granular structure can be formed in the recording layer without a process such as etching of the recording layer, so that the recording density of the magnetic recording medium can be largely improved.

Abstract: An audio decoding method and apparatus and an audio encoding method and apparatus which can efficiently process object-based audio signals are provided. The audio decoding method includes receiving a downmix signal and object-based side information, the downmix signal comprising at least two downmix channel signals; extracting gain information from the object-based side information and generating modification information for modifying the downmix channel signals on a channel-by-channel basis based on the gain information; and modifying the downmix channel signals by applying the modification information to the downmix channel signals.

Abstract: An audio decoding method and apparatus and an audio encoding method and apparatus which can efficiently process object-based audio signals are provided. The audio decoding method includes receiving a downmix signal, which is obtained by downmixing a plurality of object signals, and object side information, extracting metadata from the object-side information and displaying an information regarding the object signals based on the metadata.

Abstract: An audio decoding method and apparatus and an audio encoding method and apparatus which can efficiently process object-based audio signals are provided. The audio decoding method includes receiving a downmix signal, which is obtained by downmixing a plurality of object signals, and object side information, extracting metadata from the object-side information and displaying an information regarding the object signals based on the metadata.

Abstract: A method of programming a flash memory device comprises programming selected memory cells, performing a verification operation to determine whether the selected memory cells have reached a target program state, and determining a start point of the verification operation based on a programming characteristic associated with a detection of a pass bit during programming of an initial program state.

Abstract: Provided are an audio encoding method and apparatus and an audio decoding method and apparatus in which audio signals can be encoded or decoded so that sound images can be localized at any desired position for each object audio signal. The audio decoding method generating a third downmix signal by combining a first downmix signal extracted from a first audio signal and a second downmix signal extracted from a second audio signal; generating third object-based side information by combining first object-based side information extracted from the first audio signal and second object-based side information extracted from the second audio signal; converting the third object-based side information into channel-based side information; and generating a multi-channel audio signal using the third downmix signal and the channel-based side information.

Abstract: Provided are an audio encoding method and apparatus and an audio decoding method and apparatus in which audio signals can be encoded or decoded so that sound images can be localized at any desired position for each object audio signal. The audio decoding method generating a third downmix signal by combining a first downmix signal extracted from a first audio signal and a second downmix signal extracted from a second audio signal; generating third object-based side information by combining first object-based side information extracted from the first audio signal and second object-based side information extracted from the second audio signal; converting the third object-based side information into channel-based side information; and generating a multi-channel audio signal using the third downmix signal and the channel-based side information.

Abstract: Provided are an audio encoding method and apparatus and an audio decoding method and apparatus in which audio signals can be encoded or decoded so that sound images can be localized at any desired position for each object audio signal. The audio decoding method includes extracting a downmix signal and object-based side information from an input audio signal; generating rendering information based on input control data; and generating spatial information based on the rendering information and the object-based side information.

Abstract: There are provided Idbf (inhibitor of Dvl and Bone formation) which is a novel Dvl-binding protein that binds to Dvl to inhibit signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway, a gene for coding for the same, the use thereof, and the use of an inhibitor of the Idbf. The Idbf was known to be expressed by activation of the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway and bind to Dvl to block signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, the Idbf can be used in development of medicines for inhibiting the signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway, and an Idbf inhibitor can be used in preparation of medicines for activating the signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway.

Abstract: A method for supporting coexistence with a wireless personal area network (WPAN) is provided. A method for supporting coexistence with a WPAN in a mobile station which periodically receives a beacon signal for local wireless communication includes, at the mobile station, calculating the numbers of uplink frames which overlap with the beacon signal, configuring a bitmap using the calculated frame numbers, and transmitting coexistence information including the bitmap to a base station. Accordingly, when a broadband wireless access system and WiMedia or ZigBee are simultaneously used, a beacon signal of WiMedia or ZigBee can be efficiently protected from the interruption of the broadband wireless access system and thus WiMedia or ZigBee can be normally operated.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for scaling a dynamic bus clock are provided. The apparatus for scaling the dynamic bus clock includes at least one master module, at least one slave module, a bus for delivering data transmitted and received by the at least one master module and the at least one slave module, a bus frequency controller for determining a bus clock frequency by considering activity information of the at least one master module, and a clock generator for generating the frequency as determined by the bus frequency controller and providing the generated frequency to the at least one master module, the at least one slave module, and the bus.

Abstract: An elastomeric fiber can be easily unwound from a package by way of using an OETO unwinding device which comprises a fiber package, a standby package and a static guide such that the distance from the inlet orifice of the static guide to the center of the static guide-facing side of the fiber package is in the range of 25 to 38 cm, and the distance (R) between the centers of the static guide-facing sides of the fiber package and standby package is in the range of 25 to 50 cm.

Abstract: A method of processing an audio signal is disclosed. The present invention includes obtaining spectral data and a loss signal compensation parameter, detecting a loss signal based on the spectral data, generating first compensation data corresponding to the loss signal using a random signal based on the loss signal compensation parameter, and generating a scale factor corresponding to the first compensation data and generating second compensation data by applying the scale factor to the first compensation data.

Abstract: Disclosed is a handoff processing method capable of restarting fast communications. The handoff processing method stores in a handoff buffer Host Control Interface (HCI) data and transmission data upon communications in a state where an Access Point is interlinked with an external device. Further, the method forwards the HCI data and the transmission data buffered in the handoff buffer to a new Access Point (AP) transmitting a message indicating setup completion of a connection if the message indicating setup completion of a connection with the external device is transmitted from the new AP after a handoff occurs as the external device moves. Accordingly, throughputs are not lowered despite handoff occurrences in poor wireless channel environments, so that service quality can be enhanced.

Abstract: A method of processing an audio signal is disclosed. The present invention includes receiving spectral data corresponding to a first band in a frequency band including the first band and a second band, determining a copy band based on frequency information of the copy band corresponding to a partial band of the first band, and generating spectral data of a target band corresponding to the second band using the spectral data of the copy band, wherein the copy band exists in an upper part of the first band.

Abstract: In the quorum sensing antagonist blocking the communication in bacteria, the method for preventing biofilm formation using this quorum sensing antagonist and the method for reducing the bacterial contamination, the quorum sensing antagonist contains the homoserine lactone moiety and sulfanylethanoyl group, and has a similar chemical structure to that of the autoinducer which is produced by bacteria as a signal, whereby the quorum sensing antagonist can inhibit the formation of biofilm and reduce the bacterial contamination as well.

Abstract: A real-time stateful packet inspection method and apparatus is provided, which uses a session table processing method that can efficiently generate state information. In the apparatus, a session table stores session data of a packet received from an external network. A hash key generator hashes a parameter extracted from the received packet and generates a hash pointer of the session table corresponding to the packet. A session detection module searches the session table for a session corresponding to the received packet. A session management module performs management of the session table such as addition, deletion, and change of sessions of the session table. A packet inspection module generates state information corresponding to the received packet from both directionality information of the packet and entry header information of the packet stored in the session table and then inspects the packet based on the generated state information.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for managing a session state are provided.

Abstract: A method of processing a signal is disclosed. The present invention includes receiving a maximum number of band and a code value of at least one section length, calculating a bit number corresponding to the code value of the at least one section length using the maximum number of the band, and obtaining the section length information by decoding the code value of the section length based on the bit number. A method of processing a signal is disclosed. The present invention includes receiving factor information of a current frame, receiving flag information indicating whether a coding mode of the factor information is an absolute value mode or a relative value mode, and obtaining factor data of the current frame using factor data of a previous frame and the received factor information based on the flag information.