Abstract: A data storage device can include a recording medium; a controller unit to generate control signals in response to write information and write commands; and a transducer section coupled to receive the controls signals, and in response, write the write information into the recording medium and form a data protection pattern in the recording medium adjacent to the write information.

Abstract: A technology for defending a Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack is provided. A system for determining an application layer-based slow DDoS attack may include a packet collecting unit to collect a packet in a network, a packet parsing unit to extract at least one header field from the collected packet, and a DDoS attack determining unit to determine whether a DDoS attack against the packet is detected, using a session table and a flow table.

Abstract: A flash memory, a flash memory system, and an operating method thereof. The method of operating a flash memory includes counting the number of memory cells having threshold voltages included in a first adjacent threshold voltage range (defined by a first reference read voltage for distinguishing between initially separated adjacently located threshold voltage distributions and a first search read voltage having a first voltage difference from the first reference read voltage), and a second adjacent threshold voltage range (defined by the first reference read voltage and a second search read voltage having a second voltage difference from the first reference read voltage), and setting a first optimal read voltage based on the difference between the first and second counted numbers of the memory cells.

Abstract: In method of programming a nonvolatile memory device, multi-bit data are loaded into a plurality of page buffers. Multi-level cells included in a multi-level cell block are programmed to a plurality of intermediate program states including a first intermediate program state and a second intermediate program state which is higher than the first intermediate program state based on the multi-bit data. Whether the multi-level cells are programmed to the plurality of intermediate program states is verified. Cell group information for the first intermediate program state is generated by checking whether a result of the verification for the second intermediate program state satisfies a predetermined criterion. The multi-level cells are programmed to a plurality of target program states corresponding to the multi-bit data based on the cell group information.

Abstract: Provided are an audio encoding method and apparatus and an audio decoding method and apparatus in which audio signals can be encoded or decoded so that sound images can be localized at any desired position for each object audio signal. The audio decoding method generating a third downmix signal by combining a first downmix signal extracted from a first audio signal and a second downmix signal extracted from a second audio signal; generating third object-based side information by combining first object-based side information extracted from the first audio signal and second object-based side information extracted from the second audio signal; converting the third object-based side information into channel-based side information; and generating a multi-channel audio signal using the third downmix signal and the channel-based side information.

Abstract: An audio decoding method and apparatus and an audio encoding method and apparatus which can efficiently process object-based audio signals are provided. The audio decoding method includes receiving a downmix signal and object-based side information, the downmix signal comprising at least two downmix channel signals; extracting gain information from the object-based side information and generating modification information for modifying the downmix channel signals on a channel-by-channel basis based on the gain information; and modifying the downmix channel signals by applying the modification information to the downmix channel signals.

Abstract: Provided are a microfluidic platform for cell culturing and a cell culturing method using the same. By applying a structure of a compartment which surrounds at least a portion of an annular reservoir and moving cells to be cultured to a site adjacent to a microchannel via rotation, a probability of observing cells that grew after culturing may increase and a probability of causing cells, particularly neurons, to grow so as to correspond to a signal transfer direction may increase.

Abstract: A display device and method of assembling the same are disclosed. In one aspect, a display device includes a display panel bent in a first direction and a guide unit for fastening the display panel in a bent state. The guide unit includes a first frame member bent corresponding to curvature of the display panel in the first direction and combined with an edge of the display panel in the first direction, and a second frame member combined with an edge of the display panel in a direction perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a human monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to VCAM-1, and a therapeutic composition for the treatment of inflammatory disease or cancer comprising the same. The human monoclonal antibody according to the present invention shows a strong affinity to VCAM-1 expressed on human or mouse endothelial cell, effectively inhibits leukocyte adhesion to activated endothelial cells expressing VCAM-1, and shows a low immunogenicity, thereby being used for the treatment of cancer or inflammatory disease such as asthma, rhinitis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, bowel disease, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction and transplant rejection.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens includes a plurality of first sub liquid crystal portions having refractive indexes varied based on voltages applied thereto, a plurality of second sub liquid crystal portions having refractive indexes varied based on voltages applied thereto, where the second sub liquid crystal portions are adjacent to the first sub liquid crystal portions, respectively and a controller which controls the voltages applied to the first sub liquid crystal portions and the voltage applied to the second sub liquid crystal portions to provide a lens part.

Abstract: A method of protecting information written to a recording medium includes magnetizing the recording medium to form a first magnetic pattern corresponding to information to be stored, and magnetizing the recording medium to form a protective magnetic pattern having a phase difference of 180° from the first magnetic pattern at a position adjacent to where the first magnetic pattern is formed, with adjacent bits of the first magnetic pattern opposite and the protective magnetic pattern opposite to each other.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a multi-layer type printed circuit board, including; a first insulating layer including at least one first pillar; a plurality of insulating layers laminated in a both surfaces direction of the first insulating layer, each including at least one circuit layer and at least another pillar connected to the circuit layer; and a plurality of outermost circuit layers disposed on an outer surface of the outermost insulating layer, while contacting an outermost pillar disposed on an outermost insulating layer among the plurality of insulating layers, wherein the circuit layer and another pillar each formed in a both surfaces direction of the first insulating layer are disposed in a symmetrical form to each other based on the first insulating layer.

Abstract: A mobile computing system for providing a high-security execution environment is provided. The mobile computing system separates execution environments in the same mobile device on the basis of virtualization technology and manages user-specific execution environments using the same hardware security module, thereby facilitating protection of personal privacy.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) flooding attack prevention method. The TCP flooding attack prevention method includes identifying the type of a packet received at an intermediate stage between a client and a server; determining the direction of the packet; defining a plurality of session states based on the type and the direction of the packet; detecting a TCP flooding attack by tracking the session states for each flow; and responding to the TCP flooding attack based on the type of the TCP flooding attack.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for obtaining a natural product preparation with reduced glucosinolate contamination from a plant of Brassicaceae. The methods can include cultivating a plant callus from a plant capable of producing a desired natural product, selecting a callus with reduced glucosinolate production, and cultivating the selected callus in a liquid medium. The method can also include recovering the natural product from the culture. Also disclosed are methods for obtaining cabbage anthocyanin with reduced glucosinolate contamination. The methods can include cultivating a red cabbage plant callus with reduced glucosinolate production in a liquid medium to obtain a suspension culture and cultivating the suspension culture in a medium lacking a nitrogen source. The method can also include recovering the anthocyanin with reduced glucosinolate contamination from the culture. Finally, several specific low-glucosinolate cell lines are described.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for obtaining a natural product preparation with reduced glucosinolate contamination from a plant of Brassicaceae. The methods can include cultivating a plant callus from a plant capable of producing a desired natural product, selecting a callus with reduced glucosinolate production, and cultivating the selected callus in a liquid medium. The method can also include recovering the natural product from the culture. Also disclosed are methods for obtaining cabbage anthocyanin with reduced glucosinolate contamination. The methods can include cultivating a red cabbage plant callus with reduced glucosinolate production in a liquid medium to obtain a suspension culture and cultivating the suspension culture in a medium lacking a nitrogen source. The method can also include recovering the anthocyanin with reduced glucosinolate contamination from the culture. Finally, several specific low-glucosinolate cell lines are described.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a universal subscriber identification module card and a communication method using the same. The universal subscriber identification module card includes a Universal Subscriber Identification Module (USIM) chip, a pad, and a security chip. The USIM chip performs the user authentication of a mobile terminal. The pad electrically connects the USIM chip to the mobile terminal when the USIM chip is inserted into the mobile terminal. The security chip performs a security function for the mobile terminal independently of the USIM chip and shares the two power terminals of the pad with the USIM chip.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a human recombinant monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to human Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) to inhibit adhesion between leukocytes and activated endothelial cells and transmigration of leukocytes through the activated endothelial cells, and a prophylactic and therapeutic composition for inflammatory disease or cancer comprising the same. The human recombinant monoclonal antibody according to the present invention shows a strong affinity to VCAM-1 expressed on human endothelial cell, and effectively inhibits VCAM-1-mediated adhesion between leukocytes and activated endothelial cells and transmigration of leukocytes through the activated endothelial cells, thereby being used for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory disease such as asthma and arthritis, transplant rejection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Abstract: Provided are an audio encoding method and apparatus and an audio decoding method and apparatus in which audio signals can be encoded or decoded so that sound images can be localized at any desired position for each object audio signal. The audio decoding method includes extracting a downmix signal and object-based side information from an audio signal; generating channel-based side information based on object-based side information and control information for rendering the downmix signal; processing the downmix signal using a decorrelated channel signal; and generating a multi-channel audio signal using the processed downmix signal and the channel-based side information.

Abstract: A display substrate includes a transparent substrate, a gate line formed on the transparent substrate, a data line crossing the gate line, a thin film transistor electrically connected to the gate line and the data line, and a pixel electrode. The pixel electrode includes a body electrode section electrically connected to the thin film transistor and a plurality of protruding electrodes protruding from the body electrode section. Each of the protruding electrodes includes a trapezoidal electrode having two sides that are inclined with respect to a protrusion direction that is a lengthwise direction of the body electrode section.