Abstract: A flash memory, a flash memory system, and an operating method thereof. The method of operating a flash memory includes counting the number of memory cells having threshold voltages included in a first adjacent threshold voltage range (defined by a first reference read voltage for distinguishing between initially separated adjacently located threshold voltage distributions and a first search read voltage having a first voltage difference from the first reference read voltage), and a second adjacent threshold voltage range (defined by the first reference read voltage and a second search read voltage having a second voltage difference from the first reference read voltage), and setting a first optimal read voltage based on the difference between the first and second counted numbers of the memory cells.

Abstract: A system for controlling a carrier virtual network is disclosed. The system includes at least one virtual network controller for controlling resources of a carrier virtual network based on customer request information received from a customer network controller, and at least one physical network controller for controlling resources of a carrier physical network based on a service profile received from the at least one virtual network controller. The at least one virtual network controller interworks with the at least one physical network controller in a one to one, one to N (N is an integer equal to or larger than 2), or N to one correspondence.

Abstract: A dual mass flywheel includes a first arcspring and a second arcspring being symmetrically mounted along an inner circumference of a primary cover connected to a crankshaft, a flange being inserted into the primary cover and including a first compressor and a second compressor formed therein, which contact the first arcspring and the second arcspring, respectively, a first stopper and a second stopper configured to support the first arcspring or the second arcspring and being formed on the inner circumference of the primary cover, and a first guide shell and a second guide shell disposed on the inner circumference of the primary cover, guide deformation of the first arcspring or the second arcspring in a radial direction, and including a friction inductor that contacts the first compressor or the second compressor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a detach core substrate and a method of manufacturing a detach core substrate. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is proposed a detach core substrate that a conductive layer including a metal layer with an etching property different from copper is formed on a top surface and a bottom surface of an insulating layer formed thereon a surface roughness. At this time, the contact interface between the top surface and the bottom surface of the insulating layer is the detachment interface to be separated during the manufacture of the circuit board. In addition, a method of manufacturing the detach core substrate is proposed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for configuring a screen of an electronic device. A first object, corresponding to a left eye of a user of the electronic device, and a second object, corresponding to a right eye of the user, are displayed on the screen. A threshold distance is obtained, which is one of a minimum distance and a maximum distance between the first object and the second object at which an image, corresponding to the first object and the second object, is properly viewed by the user. An interpupillary distance (IPD) is determined between the first eye and the second eye based on the threshold distance.

Abstract: A method of processing an audio signal is disclosed. The present invention includes receiving spectral data corresponding to a first band in a frequency band including the first band and a second band, determining a copy band based on frequency information of the copy band corresponding to a partial band of the first band, and generating spectral data of a target band corresponding to the second band using the spectral data of the copy band, wherein the copy band exists in an upper part of the first band.

Abstract: An image display device includes a display panel displaying an image, and a diffractive element formed to operate in a 2D mode or a 3D mode so that the image of the display panel is perceived as a 2D image or a 3D image after passing through the diffractive element. In the image display device, the diffractive element includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a first electrode layer formed on the first substrate that includes a plurality of zones, a second electrode layer formed on the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. Further, when the diffractive element operates in the 3D mode, a common voltage is applied to the second electrode layer, and polarity of voltages applied to the first electrode layer with respect to the common voltage is inverted every zone.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating a Software Defined Network (SDN)-based virtual network. The apparatus includes a network information generator and a virtual network generator, in which an SDN-based virtual network desired by a user may be generated efficiently by allocating physical resources to reflect various user demands.

Abstract: There are provided a printed circuit board and a method of manufacturing the same. The printed circuit board according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a first insulating layer; a second insulating layer formed below the first insulating layer; a via pad formed on an upper surface of the second insulating layer and formed so as to be buried in the second insulating layer; a double via formed on an upper surface of the via pad, formed so as to penetrate through the first insulating layer, and including an auxiliary via and a first via; and a second via formed on a lower surface of the via pad and formed so as to penetrate through the second insulating layer.

Abstract: A mobile computing system for providing a high-security execution environment is provided. The mobile computing system separates execution environments in the same mobile device on the basis of virtualization technology and manages user-specific execution environments using the same hardware security module, thereby facilitating protection of personal privacy.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for obtaining a natural product preparation with reduced glucosinolate contamination from a plant of Brassicaceae. The methods can include cultivating a plant callus from a plant capable of producing a desired natural product, selecting a callus with reduced glucosinolate production, and cultivating the selected callus in a liquid medium. The method can also include recovering the natural product from the culture. Also disclosed are methods for obtaining cabbage anthocyanin with reduced glucosinolate contamination. The methods can include cultivating a red cabbage plant callus with reduced glucosinolate production in a liquid medium to obtain a suspension culture and cultivating the suspension culture in a medium lacking a nitrogen source. The method can also include recovering the anthocyanin with reduced glucosinolate contamination from the culture. Finally, several specific low-glucosinolate cell lines are described.

Abstract: A system and method for virtualizing SDN-based network monitoring. The system for includes: an information collector, a monitoring component, an information converter, and a resource allocator, in which a user-defined virtual monitor is included so that integrated monitoring may be performed, and expandability may be guaranteed to dynamically respond to a user's, demands.

Abstract: An engine cover for absorbing vibration includes the engine cover enclosing an upper portion of an engine and having a lower portion provided with a plurality of cylindrical protruding parts. An upper insulator is press-fitted in a cylindrical protruding part of the engine cover to be connected to the engine cover. A vibration absorber is disposed in the cylindrical protruding part and under the upper insulator to absorb vibrations from the engine. A lower insulator is disposed in the cylindrical protruding part and under the vibration absorber and has an inner space in which a mounting bolt is press-fitted.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for obtaining a natural product preparation with reduced glucosinolate contamination from a plant of Brassicaceae. The methods can include cultivating a plant callus from a plant capable of producing a desired natural product, selecting a callus with reduced glucosinolate production, and cultivating the selected callus in a liquid medium. The method can also include recovering the natural product from the culture. Also disclosed are methods for obtaining cabbage anthocyanin with reduced glucosinolate contamination. The methods can include cultivating a red cabbage plant callus with reduced glucosinolate production in a liquid medium to obtain a suspension culture and cultivating the suspension culture in a medium lacking a nitrogen source. The method can also include recovering the anthocyanin with reduced glucosinolate contamination from the culture. Finally, several specific low-glucosinolate cell lines are described.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a universal subscriber identification module card and a communication method using the same. The universal subscriber identification module card includes a Universal Subscriber Identification Module (USIM) chip, a pad, and a security chip. The USIM chip performs the user authentication of a mobile terminal. The pad electrically connects the USIM chip to the mobile terminal when the USIM chip is inserted into the mobile terminal. The security chip performs a security function for the mobile terminal independently of the USIM chip and shares the two power terminals of the pad with the USIM chip.

Abstract: A method of writing data in a non-volatile memory device includes receiving a program command and a first row address corresponding to a first word line; performing a first partial programming operation with respect to first memory cells coupled to the first word line; performing a second partial programming operation with respect to second memory cells coupled to a second word line adjacent to the first word line; performing a first verification operation by verifying the first partial programming operation; and selectively performing a first additional programming operation with respect to the first memory cells depending on a result of the first verification operation.

Abstract: A server receives a first echo request message which complies with an Internet control message protocol, extracts filtering information from hear information of the received first echo request message, and when a second echo request message which complies with the Internet control message protocol is received, compares header information of the received second echo request message and the extracted filtering information so as to determine whether to block an attacking packet for the received second echo request message. According to the present invention, the server blocks the attacking packet using the Internet control message protocol, thereby blocking a denial-of-service attack.

Abstract: A 3D image display device includes a display unit including a display panel and an optical panel located at a front side of the display panel and changing a path of light. A controller is configured to generate a signal for controlling the display unit. The controller includes an image signal processor which generates an input image signal based on image information containing 2D image information and depth information. The image signal processor generates a 3D image signal based on the 2D image information and the depth information. The image signal processor extracts a low-depth area having a small depth and generates a 2D image signal corresponding to the low-depth area. The display unit displays the low-depth area by a 2D image.

Abstract: There are provided Idbf (inhibitor of Dvl and bone formation) which is a novel Dvl-binding protein that binds to Dvl to inhibit signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway, a gene for coding for the same, the use thereof, and the use of an inhibitor of the Idbf. The Idbf was known to be expressed by activation of the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway and bind to Dvl to block signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, the Idbf can be used in development of medicines for inhibiting the signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway, and an Idbf inhibitor can be used in preparation of medicines for activating the signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway.

Abstract: A method of programming a flash memory device comprises programming selected memory cells, performing a verification operation to determine whether the selected memory cells have reached a target program state, and determining a start point of the verification operation based on a programming characteristic associated with a detection of a pass bit during programming of an initial program state.